Semantics
Mahmood Naghizadeh
Abstract
Dynamical systems approach provides a theoretical framework for describing metaphor in face-to-face conversation and relies on the idea that metaphor is not static mapping between domains, but it is considered as a temporary stability that emerges from the interaction of interconnected systems of social ...
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Dynamical systems approach provides a theoretical framework for describing metaphor in face-to-face conversation and relies on the idea that metaphor is not static mapping between domains, but it is considered as a temporary stability that emerges from the interaction of interconnected systems of social use and cognitive activities in language. Drawing on dynamical systems approach, this study tried to study creating and understanding systematic metaphors in election debates in Persian. The data of this descriptive-analytical study were collected through observing debates for Iran parliament election in 2023. The results indicated that in creating metaphor as a self-organized process, embodied aspects of repeated biological experience such as far-near (getting away from the issue) and primary metaphors like مقاومت، ایستادن بهصورت عمودی است (persistence is standing upright) are considered as points of equilibrium and basins for the emergence of metaphorical utterances. Furthermore, different vehicle terms (gambling, right) were used to conceptualize the same topic (election). This variety in conceptualization might lead to different understanding and reasoning of the world and various unpredictable metaphorical expressions (phase change). Finally, creating such conceptual metaphors (سیستان جسد نیمهجان یک انسان است personalizing Sistan province as a dying human being), force schema (to overload a parliament bill) and novel metaphorical expressions (تقدیم کادو به مخالفین شرکت در انتخابات یا رقیب انتخاباتی meaning “giving gifts to the opposition or rival candidates”) together with cultural components and contextual-cognitive elements may be considered as the ground for creating metaphors that are activated in nonlinear patterns and in different temporal and social scales.
Syntax
Omolbanin Khazaei; shoja Tafakkori rezayi; Nahid Eslamihonar; Hedi Mardokhi
Abstract
This research studied phrasal compounds in Persian using Distributed Morphology and applying Harley (2008) and Siddiqi’s (2009) approach. The aim was to determine the existence of phrasal compounds in Persian and explain their structure within the distributed morphology. The results revealed that ...
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This research studied phrasal compounds in Persian using Distributed Morphology and applying Harley (2008) and Siddiqi’s (2009) approach. The aim was to determine the existence of phrasal compounds in Persian and explain their structure within the distributed morphology. The results revealed that there are two kinds of phrasal compounds in Persian. The first one holds [S + NP]N or [N/A + NP]N/A phrasal compounds and the second one has [N/A + PP]N/A structure. In Persian a phrasal compound can occupy the non-head position of another phrasal compound. This can illustrated by such examples as “بادمجاندورقابچین” and “دستازجانشسته” which in turn confirm Pafel’s (2017) idea. The results also showed that phrasal compounds in Persian are made in zero derivation level of Harley (2008), so that a noun-maker or an adjective-maker functional head is incorporated into a syntactic group by affixation, and based on the specific context and according to Pafel’s (2017-2015) input-output rule, they are turned into a noun or an adjective. Finally, it was shown that phrasal compounds in Persian have NN or AN structures. The data os this study which were extracted by the writers and using Tabatabaei (2008) confirmed the DMs specific belief that morphological operation is done within the syntactic component.
Syntax
Azadeh Sokhanafarin; Vali Rezai
Abstract
A phasal construction is one of the inter-clausal relations that demonstrate the stages from the beginning to the end of an event. A proximative aspect is a kind of phasal construction, which is the phase of preinceptive and shows the probability of an event. In Persian language, progressive aspect is ...
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A phasal construction is one of the inter-clausal relations that demonstrate the stages from the beginning to the end of an event. A proximative aspect is a kind of phasal construction, which is the phase of preinceptive and shows the probability of an event. In Persian language, progressive aspect is made of the combination of the auxiliary “dɑštan” (to have), the prefix “-mi” and the main verb. It can be expressed as a grammatical incomplete expression, and according to the context, if the main verb is an achievement or static verb, it is a proximative aspect. This study explored the proximative aspect of Serial Verb Construction (SVC) in Persian language using RRG framework. The purpose of was to determine the type of action of the main verb and the juncture-nexus SVC of proximative aspect in Persian. So, the data was collected from Najafi’ Perisan Dictionary, Persian Language Data Base, websites and other research work. After determining SVC on the basis of Aikhenvald’s criteria, the data were described and explained in the framework of RRG. The results showed that the SVC of proximative aspect has a nuclear subordination.
Psychology of language
Mohammad Reza Pahlavannezhad; Sepideh Elmi
Abstract
In light of the critical role of recall in daily life, this study explored two key factors affecting recall: emotional valence (positive, negative, or neutral emotions) and the figure-ground phenomenon, where one element is more prominent (figure) and the other recedes into the background (ground). Using ...
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In light of the critical role of recall in daily life, this study explored two key factors affecting recall: emotional valence (positive, negative, or neutral emotions) and the figure-ground phenomenon, where one element is more prominent (figure) and the other recedes into the background (ground). Using eye-tracking technology, the study examined whether the figure-ground phenomenon applies to word recall, whether emotional valence or word placement has a stronger effect, whether fixation duration correlates with recall, and whether gender influences recall performance. This study involved 30 participants (men and women) and used a quasi-experimental design. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS (version 26). The results showed that word placement as a “figure” alone did not significantly impact recall (p>0.05). However, words with strong negative emotional valence were more frequently recalled—even when placed as “ground”—compared to neutral words in the “figure” position. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.01), indicating that negative emotional valence has a stronger influence on recall than word placement. Neutral words in the “figure” position were more likely to be recalled than emotionally valenced words (positive or negative) in the “ground” position (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between fixation duration and word recall. Additionally, men and women showed no significant differences in recalling the first word, with both groups favoring words with strong negative emotional valence. However, men more often recalled neutral words in the “figure” position, while women more frequently recalled positively valenced words in the “ground” position as the second word.
phonemics
Tahereh Jafari; Mehdi Fattahi
Abstract
The phenomenon of morph movement is extremely rare and, in Kalhori Kurdish, it applies to the third-person singular pronominal clitic, motivated by the need to avoid vowel hiatus. Fattahi and Kord Zafranlou Kambouzia (2013) investigated one example of this method for resolving vowel hiatus in Kalhori ...
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The phenomenon of morph movement is extremely rare and, in Kalhori Kurdish, it applies to the third-person singular pronominal clitic, motivated by the need to avoid vowel hiatus. Fattahi and Kord Zafranlou Kambouzia (2013) investigated one example of this method for resolving vowel hiatus in Kalhori Kurdish. Introducing another contextual example different from the one in the aforementioned study, the study presented new findings on morph movement and compared with the results of previous research in this field. Furthermore, analyses related to morph movement were conducted within the framework of Parallel Optimality Theory, with the aim of discovering the relevant constraints and ranking them to determine why, despite more common methods like deletion, insertion, and glide formation, this instance of vowel hiatus in Kalhori Kurdish is resolved solely through morph movement. The research was conducted phonologically based on data collected through 20 hours of interviews with 15 Kalhori Kurdish speakers. The results showed that morph movement, in addition to occurring in the context of verb suffixes, takes place in proximity to emphatic clitics, and this movement happens not only in the case of a three-vowel hiatus but also with a two-vowel hiatus. The optimality analyses also revealed the existence of active constraints in this dialect that do not permit vowel hiatus resolution through more common methods, thus necessitating the use of morph movement.
Linguistics and Khorasan dialects
Navid Firouzi; Mohammad Sahebi
Abstract
This study introduced the diphthongs of the Khafi dialect and provided examples of words containing these diphthongs. It then examined the experimental results for measuring the acoustic characteristics of these diphthongs. The aim was to provide a precise and scientific phonetic transcription of the ...
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This study introduced the diphthongs of the Khafi dialect and provided examples of words containing these diphthongs. It then examined the experimental results for measuring the acoustic characteristics of these diphthongs. The aim was to provide a precise and scientific phonetic transcription of the lexical units of this dialect. The findings are crucial for compiling a Khafi dialect dictionary and gathering its popular literature. The acoustic characteristics of the aforementioned diphthongs in monosyllabic words were analyzed. This study followed the methodology proposed by Tsukada (2008). According to this method, the mean frequencies of the first and second formants of the onset and offset of the Khafi diphthongs were first calculated and examined. Then, the vowel space of this dialect’s diphthongs was charted. The paper further discussed the rate of changes of the frequency of the first and second formants of the Khafi diphthongs. It concluded with a measurement of the duration of these diphthongs. The results indicated that the first formant movement of the Khafi diphthongs shifts from an open vowel to a closed vowel, and the second formant, with the exception of [ou], shows a trend towards fronting.
