Shahla Sharifi
Abstract
Kakhki dialect is one of the dialects of the south of Razavi Khorasan Province which is spoken in a subdivision of Gonabad, called “Kakhk”. This dialect and two other dialects (Khaniki and Ferdowsi), as far as the researcher knows, are the only linguistically described dialects in the Razavi Khorasan ...
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Kakhki dialect is one of the dialects of the south of Razavi Khorasan Province which is spoken in a subdivision of Gonabad, called “Kakhk”. This dialect and two other dialects (Khaniki and Ferdowsi), as far as the researcher knows, are the only linguistically described dialects in the Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan provinces which have the ergative case marking. Ergative case marking in this dialect has led to some interesting morphological features. Some of these features will be studied in this paper. The results of the research show that functions and positions of the nominative and accusative clitic pronouns in this dialect are remarkably different from the ones in the standard Persian. Moreover, regarding the order of the clitic morphemes related to the verb base (the Bybee’s Relevance principle), this dialect shows features different from those of the standard Persian. Another interesting morphological features in this dialect is the addition of nominative clitic pronouns to the free pronouns with different functions. It was found that clitic pronouns in this dialect do not attach to the adpositions, and from this aspect, this dialect differs from the contemporary spoken Persian language.
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum
Abstract
One of the main dichotomies in syntactic analyses deals with the distinction between lexical and functional categories. Functional categories gain in stature as the generative grammar moves ahead. They come into play in explaining the derivation stages of phrases and sentences. The present study critically ...
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One of the main dichotomies in syntactic analyses deals with the distinction between lexical and functional categories. Functional categories gain in stature as the generative grammar moves ahead. They come into play in explaining the derivation stages of phrases and sentences. The present study critically evaluates different approaches to the role and function of one of these functional categories, namely negation. Given the evidence provided in the paper, the researcher rejects the proposal that this category is located above TP. Rather, it is suggested that NegP immediately dominates [little]vP. Accordingly, when there is a tense auxiliary (after the main verb) or a modal (before the main verb), the structure in v which includes the main verb is incorporated into the tense auxiliary or modal in the T node. Then, the negative morpheme (ne/næ) moves from Neg to T, joining the aforementioned resulting constituent. After this movement, the negation morpheme is attached to the modal+main verb combination, thus yielding the well-formed surface order of the negative verbs (næ-xahæd neve∫t). Moreover, for the first time, a minimalist model is suggested for the negation of passive sentences in Persian.
Mohammad Rasekh Mahand
Abstract
Different languages are classified in different types according to different elliptical positions in coordinate sentences. In the following, I shall briefly outline this typology and then show the status of Persian in this hierarchy. Moreover, I will demonstrate that two functional factors; ease of ...
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Different languages are classified in different types according to different elliptical positions in coordinate sentences. In the following, I shall briefly outline this typology and then show the status of Persian in this hierarchy. Moreover, I will demonstrate that two functional factors; ease of processing and temporal order, are in competition to specify the elliptical positions in these sentences
Seddigheh Sadat Meghdari; Reza Zomorrodian; Azam Estaji; Mahdi Meshkat-o Dini
Abstract
The ideological discourse analysis and critical studies in social and human sciences have been of much interest recently. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) aims at discovering the negative influences of language use on the production and reproduction of power and domination relationships in society. ...
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The ideological discourse analysis and critical studies in social and human sciences have been of much interest recently. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) aims at discovering the negative influences of language use on the production and reproduction of power and domination relationships in society. Thus, social inequalities such as race, age, religious, gender and class discrimination have been substantially dealt with in this theory. As a case study, the present paper reflects the gender discrimination in child literature and its effect on the formation of child identity. To do so, ten stories about Iran-Iraq War including seven short stories and three longer ones were chosen. The stories are male-dominant in their number of characters, their activity type or participation and relevance to the war. In these stories, the women are neglected, detached, inactive and sometimes deleted. Considering the power, domination and hegemony and studying the clichéd presupposition and euphemistic and derogatory terms and so on, it is shown that inactive and neglected representation of females and the active, noticeable representation of males even the teenage and old ones during the war can help to the reproduction of the unequal power scale with the men at the powerful side and females at the powerless side.
Saeed Fekri; Zia Movahhed; Nader Jahangiri
Abstract
Logical form or Covert syntax is a syntactic level introduced in recent generative approaches. Using the ideas of first-order predicate logic, it interprets the strings whose elements cannot move in s–structure, because an element moves if it does not acquire its necessary scope. But unlike the predicate ...
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Logical form or Covert syntax is a syntactic level introduced in recent generative approaches. Using the ideas of first-order predicate logic, it interprets the strings whose elements cannot move in s–structure, because an element moves if it does not acquire its necessary scope. But unlike the predicate logic, logical form is based on syntactic principles and rules. Therefore, logical form is a syntactic level, a level with no phonetic representation. Although its main function is to interpret structures, it is not a complete semantic component. Logical form has two different interpretation methods in GB theory and the minimalist program. This article seeks to analyze these differences. It concludes that: 1. the main rule in GB theory – raising rule – cannot interpret sentences with two quantifiers perfectly, and 2. using fewer procedures, logical form in the minimalist program is more efficient than the one in GB theory.
Zahra Labbafan Khosh; Ali Darzi
Abstract
One of the chief discussions within the phrase structure theory is the analysis of the projection level of modifiers of different grammatical categories. This study provides an analysis of the noun phrase structure in Persian, considering the projection levels of the post-modifiers. The study is within ...
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One of the chief discussions within the phrase structure theory is the analysis of the projection level of modifiers of different grammatical categories. This study provides an analysis of the noun phrase structure in Persian, considering the projection levels of the post-modifiers. The study is within the framework of the Extended Standard Theory (EST) and, in particular, X-bar syntax. Data analysis reveals that contrary to what has been discussed in literature (Samiian (1983) and Ghomeshi (1996)) all post-modifiers occurring in Ezafe Constructions accept modifiers. Furthermore the data reveals that all the post-modifiers are maximal projections
Elkhas Vaysi; Batool Alinezhad
Abstract
The present study provides an analysis of the correlation between acoustic properties, duration and pitch amplitude of speech associated with three basic emotions: anger, sadness and joy against neutrality as a reference, emotionally expressed by six Persian speakers. Rise/Fall Connection Model (Taylor, ...
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The present study provides an analysis of the correlation between acoustic properties, duration and pitch amplitude of speech associated with three basic emotions: anger, sadness and joy against neutrality as a reference, emotionally expressed by six Persian speakers. Rise/Fall Connection Model (Taylor, 1995) is used to analyze acoustic parameters and measure how an utterance is modulated when Persian speaker's emotion deviates from neutral to certain emotional states. PRAAT (Boersmal and Weenink, 2006) speech processing software is used to calculate the pitch contour of each utterance. Statistical analysis is also used to indicate that strict acoustic correlation exists between sadness and neutrality on the one hand and between anger and joy on the other.
