Javad Ghanbari Beglar; Mahmoud Elyasi; Ali Izanloo
Abstract
Kurmanji is probably the most well known variety of Kurdish Language. Apart from such countries as Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and some areas in western Iran, it is spoken in Khorasan-e Shomali and Khorasan-e Razavi Provinces in north-east Iran. The residents of Biglar –a village near Quchan in north-west ...
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Kurmanji is probably the most well known variety of Kurdish Language. Apart from such countries as Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and some areas in western Iran, it is spoken in Khorasan-e Shomali and Khorasan-e Razavi Provinces in north-east Iran. The residents of Biglar –a village near Quchan in north-west Khorasan-e Razavi Province- as well as many other people living in the neighboring villages speak this Kurdish dialect. Since there are some prominent differences between the Kurmanji dialect of Biglar and other Kurmanji dialects spoken in the neighboring villages, this paper is to describe these differences and discuss the factors involved in such a variation among the dialects. In this article, having introduced the differences, the major external and internal factors involved have also been discussed. Results show that the Kurmanji Dialect of Biglar represents some phonological, morphological, and syntactic differences with other Kurmanji dialects spoken in the area, and that two other major languages spoken in the region, i.e. local Turkish and Persian are among the most known factors involved in such an event. It was also shown that the dialect was mostly affected by Turkish, and to a lesser degree, by Persian. Among the internal factors involved, lacking distinction between the Present and Past forms of transitive verbs is worth mentioning, a phenomenon which can still be tracked in other Kurmanji dialects spoken in the neighboring villages.
Shala Raqibdust; Omid Azad
Abstract
Predicates are words or groups of words which are considered as the most important semantic elements of the sentence. Following Manouilidou, Almeida, Schwartz and Nair, this research investigates the nature of verb disorder in Persian Alzheimer patients. To this end, the property of thematic role assignment ...
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Predicates are words or groups of words which are considered as the most important semantic elements of the sentence. Following Manouilidou, Almeida, Schwartz and Nair, this research investigates the nature of verb disorder in Persian Alzheimer patients. To this end, the property of thematic role assignment by three kinds of predicates has been focused upon. The first kind of predicates includes those whose argument realization follows the standard hierarchical thematic role (e.g. kandan). The second type includes those whose argument realization violates the standard argument realization (e.g. tarsidan). The third type includes those which violate the standard hierarchical thematic roles (e.g. xoshnud kardan). Two monolingual Persian AD patients under the support of Iran’s Alzheimer Association and five matched elderly controls performed a sentence completion task in which they had to choose a predicate that would render the sentence grammatical and meaningful. AD patients showed no problems with canonical structures but performed worse than controls in psychological verb sentences. The results support the hypothesis that AD’s deficit is in the mapping between syntactic and semantic relation, particularly in the assignment of thematic roles to the arguments of the predicates.
Iran Mehrabi Sari; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
In this study an adaptation of Halliday and Hasan's (1976) description of cohesion in English was applied to the spoken narratives of typical developing children. Regarding the development in grammatical cohesion, Narrations of 3 groups of children 4;00 to 7;00 years of age, 5 in each age group, were ...
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In this study an adaptation of Halliday and Hasan's (1976) description of cohesion in English was applied to the spoken narratives of typical developing children. Regarding the development in grammatical cohesion, Narrations of 3 groups of children 4;00 to 7;00 years of age, 5 in each age group, were analyzed and compared with each other. This research applies an experimental method.To evaluate their abilities in discourse organization through the use of lexical cohesive devices, two tests were performed, story retelling and story production using two different story-books. The results of the research showed a development in lexical cohesion between these age groups over time.
Ebrahim Badakhshan; Yadqar Karimi; Rozita Ranjbar
Abstract
In the recent theory of generative grammar there are two major views on case assignment. The standard Chomskyan view stats that case is assigned by the grammatical head to the closest NP through an agreement relationship (Baker, 2010). In this approach case has a purely syntactic notion as a case assigner ...
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In the recent theory of generative grammar there are two major views on case assignment. The standard Chomskyan view stats that case is assigned by the grammatical head to the closest NP through an agreement relationship (Baker, 2010). In this approach case has a purely syntactic notion as a case assigner and is directly related to structural cases and structural relations of case receiving NPs. In the second view case assigning takes place by corpus rules in the phonological component. In this approach there is no direct relationship between case assignment and agreement, and the morphological hierarchy assigns the case for NPs. In this article based on data from Sorani Kurdish dialects of Sanandaj and Bane and comparing the similarities and differences of these two varieties of Kurdish, it is shown that different varieties of Sorani Kurdish follow different approaches in their case assigning system.
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum; Zahra Rezayee
Abstract
Autosegmental-metrical (AM) phonology distinguishes two types of accents (stresses), namely: lexical accent and pitch accent. The present study offers an acoustic analysis of the prosodic feature, pitch accent, in the Persian speech of Persian speakers who are fluent in English as a second language (English ...
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Autosegmental-metrical (AM) phonology distinguishes two types of accents (stresses), namely: lexical accent and pitch accent. The present study offers an acoustic analysis of the prosodic feature, pitch accent, in the Persian speech of Persian speakers who are fluent in English as a second language (English instructors). Language interference has often been dealt with as the effect of firs language on the second, but this paper deals with a reverse effect, that of the second language on the first, which has often been neglected. Thus, the accent patterns of Persian and English have been introduced and the Persian speech of Native Persian bilinguals has been analyzed from this point of view. Former studies have shown that English has leftmost accent pattern and Persian has rightmost accent pattern. The data were analyzed by means of PRAAT 5.3.71 and the accent pattern of the subjects was extracted in separate male and female groups. The results indicated a relative effect of the English accent pattern on the Persian speech of Persian bilinguals. The effect was found to be stronger in females.
Ebrahim Kanani
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction In this research, the functions of light in Sepehri’s poem were studied and analyzed based on the semiotics-semantics view. The main purpose of the present research is to study the discursive state and transformation of light in Sohrab Sepehri's poetry, based on ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction In this research, the functions of light in Sepehri’s poem were studied and analyzed based on the semiotics-semantics view. The main purpose of the present research is to study the discursive state and transformation of light in Sohrab Sepehri's poetry, based on his four poem books entitled "East of Sorrow", "Traveler", "The Water’s Footfall" and "Green Volume". Our main questions are what status the light gains, how it comes to operate and spread, how light can create meaning, and what meanings and values it develops as well. Also, what semiotics-semantics systems such as tension, perceptual-sensory, feeling, aesthetics are related to light and light-correlated concepts? And is it possible to introduce a pattern for the light system in Sepehri’s poem? Our hypothesis is that the light operates as a semantic-made word and it creates meaning through the chained relation of senses and with interaction of different senses such as visual, sensual, tactile, olfactory and sensory-kinetics. In fact, the incident lighting system prepares the underlying light to form a sensory chain system. As a result, the subject and object interact in this system and in the perceptual-sensory relationship. The result of such a process is the presence of the subject from transcendental presence. The present study, by analyzing the optical discourse system, has been able to present a model of how to transform and transcend discourse from the perspective of light into Sepehri poetry. Theoretical Framework One of the methods for analyzing the contents of Persian literary texts is the use of new literary ideas. Using these ideas in the field of poetry and Persian prose can be found in a precise and scientific way for interpretation and analysis of Persian literary texts. Semiotics, as one of the literary theories, can open new horizons to contemporary Persian poetry with the help of different knowledge domains such as philosophy, linguistics, phenomenology, and discourse analysis. In this study, the light function in Sohrab Sepehri's poetry has been studied and analyzed based on the semiotic point of view. This approach provides a suitable ground for explaining the discursive state of light in Sohrab Sepehri's poetry. Since in Sohrab Sepehri's poetry, light creates an emotional spatial role, the light system of this poem is related to semiotic systems. The element of light containing various functions in his poem interacts with different senses. This function places light in tensions that fluctuate from surface to depth. This indicates a state atmosphere in discourse, and the semiotic approach also examines the same situation in relation to light. Methodology In the foregoing article, to analyze the data, one of the new methods of critique and one of the critically acclaimed theories of discursive semantics have been used. This study is a library research using an analytical-descriptive research method. This theory analyzes the optical system in Sepehri's poetry by studying the human perceptual-sensory conditions and its role in the process of meaning and creation, and the use of various types of inspirational systems and the study of emotional, sensory-perceptual and aesthetic systems. Results and Discussion Semiotics in a paradigmatic turning point tends to a phenomenological approach. His approach introduces state and tension discourse systems. In state system, without any plans or goals, he will be aware of the moment he is present in relation to the position in which he is located and with the help of it, makes himself available to himself and to the other. This links the state system with the phenomenological discussion of presence. Based on this, the present study, by analyzing the optical discourse system from this perspective, has been able to explain the pattern of how to transcend discourse from the perspective of light in Sepehri poetry. Also in the present discourse, light is reflected in various forms including explosive, focused, transparent, and multiplied. In this discourse, various aesthetic, eventful, perceptual-sensory, emotional-state and transcendental systems play a role, and these systems have the characteristics and functions of tension, state, intensity and extensity. Conclusion and Suggestions In Sohrab Sepehri's poetry, the light appears as a mediator in the form of an eventful and tension-state system of discourse.The incident and state light system lays the ground for interaction among different senses and thus triggers a perceptual-sensory interaction between subjects and discursive factors. As a result of this process, presence is located in the path of transcendence. In addition, an interaction is formed between the intensity and extensity in continuous discourse. This interaction puts the light in a fluid state, which results in a transformation from an evolving state to a transcendental one. Using the proposed model in this study, we can accurately map the light discourse and the formation of meaning in discursive systems.
Ailin Firoozian Pooresfahani; Ferdows Aghagolzadeh; Arsalan Golfam; Aliyeh Kord-e Zafaranlu Kambuziya
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Although it is believed that language is the sheer truth (Cook, 2003), this fact should not be ignored that language specifically the socio-political discourse is sometimes used to conceal the truth and conveys the purport the way that affects people and persuade them ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Although it is believed that language is the sheer truth (Cook, 2003), this fact should not be ignored that language specifically the socio-political discourse is sometimes used to conceal the truth and conveys the purport the way that affects people and persuade them to accept the untruth. The translator who is responsible for transferring the content that in turn, includes meta-language elements such as culture, history, politics, authority, and different ideologies from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) and by manipulating and altering the linguistic forms of source language, he affects the readers' schools of thoughts and feelings and finally lead them to a certain ideology (Mason, 2010; Penycook, 2004). therefore, it can be said that in a translation process, the translator can convey the source of language's content to the target language the way he likes by applying diverse strategies and techniques, consciously or unconsciously (Schäffner, 2007, 2009). As far as the way a socio-political translator’s choice of any of the linguistic forms considerably influences the reader’s mind, the research aims to augment the precision of translations done by students of English translation from different social classes, to improve people's critical thinking, to find and analyze manipulative syntactic structures of socio-political texts, and to express translators’ ideology or the dominant ideology of their society. Theoretical Framework The framework of this paper is based on critical discourse analysis and socio-cognitive Van Dijk’s approach (2004). His analytical method, suggest two levels of analysis: macro level and micro level. Macro-level is related to the analysis of meta-linguistic elements such as ideology. For investigating this level in this study, “ideological square” defined by Van Dijk (2004) will be used. The concept of this square based on polarization, designate the following dimensions: Emphasizing our positive actions or properties Mitigating their positive properties and actions Emphasizing their negative properties and actions Mitigating our negative properties and actions Microstructure as another level is related to the analysis of the text in terms of linguistic forms. This research focuses on all syntactic strategies which might be applied by translators’ in order to represent their ideologies. Methodology Among approximately 600 texts collected from different written English socio-political content that were translated to Persian language and were limited to national, international or regional issues related to subjects about Iran, 250 utterances were selected for analyzing. These excerpts had the most obvious syntactic manipulation done by Persian translators. They were taken from written news, interviews, resolutions and the like from different sources such as websites, press, and magazines. Searching all syntactic strategies and manipulations, the Persian translators’ ideology were then challenged within CDA framework and Van Dijk’s theoretical pattern (2004). After that, Van Dijk’s ideological square was used to analyze how Our and Their actions and properties were polarized and how they were reflected in translation were examined. In the end, the frequency of the applied syntactic strategies was calculated. Results and Discussion In this part of the research according to Van Dijk’s theoretical pattern (2004), the frequency and percentage of each syntactic manipulations including eight strategies (word order, passivization, topicalization, nominalization, addition, deletion, modality and tense shift) which were used to manipulate the syntactic structures of English (ST) in order to convey Persian translator’s dominant or intended ideology, are excluded and analyzed. Conclusion and Suggestions The conclusions show that the syntactic strategies and manipulations do have a salient role in representing Persian translators’ ideologies in English written translated socio-political texts through the polarization of us and them. In other words, the effectiveness of syntax, manipulations, and changes made on syntactic structures and the Van Dijk’s theoretical pattern (2004) syntactic strategies could considerably echo the Persian translators’ ideologies in translated socio-political English discourses. Hence, studying these analyses clearly demonstrates that the major strategies or strategies used for emphasizing and mitigating actions in the content that Van Dijk explained in his ideological square has been significantly effective in justifying syntactic changes and the manipulations done by Persian translators. Also, comparing syntactic frequencies showed that the findings of the mostly applied strategies such as deletion and addition represent that among all such strategies, Persian translators pick the clearest and most direct way to express intended ideologies and hitherto, they have been trying to affect the meaning and the ideology of the target language indirectly. As far as the current research chose to study syntax among different discourse terms, studying other terms can show a more comprehensible picture of changes that represent the efforts translators have made to demonstrate beliefs, principles, personal and social culture through words, structures, and ideological meanings.
Aliyeh Kord-e Zafaranlu Kambuziya; Farzaneh Tajabadi; Ailin Firouzian Pouresfahani
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Weakening is the process by which a sound is turned into a sound of lesser degree of stricture or duration. Among different forms of weakening, deletion is the most complete form. Deletion is a phonological process that often occurs in continuous speech. In the sense ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Weakening is the process by which a sound is turned into a sound of lesser degree of stricture or duration. Among different forms of weakening, deletion is the most complete form. Deletion is a phonological process that often occurs in continuous speech. In the sense that whenever the combination of phonemes result in creating an ill-form linguistic unit which is not in agreement with the phonological system of the language, a phonetic unit of the speech chain is deleted to resolve this problem. This process changes the structure of the syllable and creates an acceptable syllabic or lexical pattern coincided with the phonotactics rules and restrictions of a language. The current study aimed to shed light on the process of deletion in Standard Persian language in view of the optimality theory. The following questions were addressed in this research: 1. In what phonetic environment does the deletion process arrive in standard Persian language? 2. Among consonants and vowels, which of them is exposed to the deletion process? 3. What is the category and kind of words in which the deletion process appeared? Review of Literature On the phonological process of deletion, valuable studies have been carried out that can be broadly divided into two categories: standard Persian language researches and studies on different dialects of Persian. In the case of different dialects of Persian, the following studies can be mentioned: Kalbasi, (1991), Shokri, (1995), Borughani, (2004), Alamdari (2005), Korde Zafaranlu Kambuzia and Sha'bani (2007), Kambuziya and Nemati (2007), Sharifi, (2008), Khodabakhshi (2008), Jabarooti (2010), Razmdide (2011), Kazemaini (2011), Miri (2011), Fadaei (2011), Soleimani (2012), Kambuziya, Tajabadi, Esmailimatin, and Khordbin, S.(2016) etc. Furthermore, Lazard (1992), Meshkatodini, (1995), Bijankhan (2006), Kord-e Zafaranlu Kambuziya (2007), Sadeghi (2007), Jam (2009) etc. have studied Standard Persian. A review of the research literature indicates that all studies have focused on only one aspect of this process and so far no comprehensive study has been conducted, especially on the Standard Farsi, which clearly demonstrates the need for the present study. Method This descriptive-analytical study describes and explains the phonological process of deletion in the Standard Persian language. For this purpose, in addition to the authors’ intuition and linguistic knowledge, written sources such as books, theses in dialectology and dialect dictionaries have been used to collect the research data. In order to extract the data, in addition to the Standard Farsi, a total of 25 other language varieties were randomly selected. Data extracted from these linguistic varieties were examined only as an evidence to validate the results of this study. Totally, 881 samples from Standard Farsi and 200 samples from different dialects were extracted. Then these data were examined in terms of the type of linguistic unit removed, the context and also the structure and lexical category of the word in which the deletion process occurs. Furthermore, the percentage of units affected by the process was calculated. Finally, these data were analyzed within the framework of standard optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993). Results and Discussion In this section, we examine the different types of deletion in the Standard Persian language in terms of the deleted unite, the position and context in which the deletion take place. A close look at the data shows that the deleted unit can be consonant, vowel, consonant-vowel sequence, or vowel-consonant sequence. Depending on the number of deletions in each datum, it can be categorized into single deleted item group or multiple deleted items group. In items of the second group, two consonants or one consonant with a consonant-vowel sequence or vowel-consonant sequence, are deleted. It is worth noting that the deletion of only one consonant is the most frequent ones; however the deletion of two consonants is more varied than other types of deletion. Among all kind of consonants, stops make a greater contribution to the deletion process and fricatives rank second. In addition, among stop consonants, the share of coronal consonant and among fricatives, the contribution of glottals is greater than others. In multiple deleted items group, deletion of stop-stop consonants accounts for the most. On the other hand, examination of data in which only vowel deletion has occurred (51 cases) indicates that out of the six Persian vowels, only three short vowels (a, e, o) are deleted in a single word. Of the 47 cases of vowel-consonant deletion, 83% of deleted vowels were short ones. In addition, out of the 38 consonant-vowel deletions, only 18% of the deleted vowels were long vowels. Regarding the relationship between deletion and number of word syllables, it can be said that among the one-to-five syllable words, the three syllable words have the highest and the two syllable words have the least tendency toward the deletion process. With regard to the relation of deletion to lexical type and category, it seems that words with the lexical category of noun and derivative structure have the highest share. In terms of the position in which deletion occurs (initial, middle, final position of syllable or word, syllables boundary, the boundary of two morphemes), it can be said that in Standard Persian there is only a middle and ending deletion, and the final deletion is much more than the middle deletion. Analysis of the results demonstrated that consonants underwent the deletion process more than vowels. Meanwhile stop consonants and short vowels (a, e, o) were ranked first in deletion process as compared with others. The findings also indicated that derivations, nouns, and two or three syllable words were more likely to be deleted. Furthermore, last syllable of the words tends to be the best place for applying the deletion process. Conclusion It can be said that when some of the universal principles like Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) and Syllable Contact Law (SCL) are violated, a series of phonological processes, including the deletion process, are used to modify the existing structure. In addition, the presence of heavy syllables or an abundance of light syllables creates a kind of asymmetry in words. This type of sequence is both productively and audibly problematic. In these cases, phonological processes, such as deletion, operate to bring the desired structure as close as possible to the optimal syllable of the language studied.
Mohammad Javad Hadizadeh; Mohammad Javad Mahdavy; Rezamorad Sahraee; Ali Aalizadeh
Abstract
Task-based learning method is considered as one of the successful methods in communicative language teaching, which possess the advantages of teamwork and class interaction along with the positive components of attention to the grammatical forms. Although, few independent studies have been conducted ...
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Task-based learning method is considered as one of the successful methods in communicative language teaching, which possess the advantages of teamwork and class interaction along with the positive components of attention to the grammatical forms. Although, few independent studies have been conducted on the task-based method in Persian language; numerous studies have been done on the impact of the task-based method in English language. After stating the significance of the task-based method, by selecting three types of the most common tasks in text books relating to teaching Persian language grammar to speakers of other languages(short composition, editing task and spot the differences)and registering the interactions between sixteen Persian language learners in Saadi Foundation through studying the language related episodes and meta-talks of each of them while performing these tasks in a group, the current study attempts to examine these tasks effects on drawing the language learners' attention to the grammatical forms; and then it presents a resultant from the practical application of task-based method in classroom and its advantages. Results show that performing the tasks in teamwork has obviously a positive effect on improving the grammatical ability of the language learners; the positive or negative feedback that the learners provide in their interactions are constructive in most cases; it leads to a correct decision-making, and the learners are more dominant on the grammatical categories that they learn in form of a task. Among the various types of task, editing task is the most suitable choice for teaching grammar due to having the redesigning capability for paying attention to various grammatical forms and a more specific reflection of the target grammatical categories on it.
Hamed Mowlaei kuhbanani; Ali Alizade; Shahla Sharifi
Abstract
This study wants to present a new approach to clausal constituent ordering of Persian. Functional Discourse Grammar as the latest Functional Grammar (2008) is selected as the framework, for this sake. Unlike Greenberg’s typological view (1963), FDG has a dynamic approach for constituent ordering. ...
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This study wants to present a new approach to clausal constituent ordering of Persian. Functional Discourse Grammar as the latest Functional Grammar (2008) is selected as the framework, for this sake. Unlike Greenberg’s typological view (1963), FDG has a dynamic approach for constituent ordering. In this way, there is not any fixed position in clause for language elements already determined; instead, element’s position is determined by its original layer, pragmatic and semantic functions and its superordinated elements in the hierarchy of Interpersonal and Representational levels. Furthermore, FDG rules in this respect are proper for the ordering of phrase and word elements too. However, this study aims to focus only on clausal constituent ordering of Persian. FDG considers four Absolute positions (PI,P2,PM,PF) and unlimited number of Relative position for clausal elements. In its top-down fashion, whenever one of these four Absolute positions are occupied by an element, its Relative ones will be available. In this case there will be 14 logically possible word order correspondences to any of Greenberg’s word order patterns. In other word, FDG introduces 84 word order patterns for Greenberg’s six word order SOV, SVO, OVS, OSV, VOS, and VSO. The results of study show that FDG’s proposals for word order can be applied on Persian as a fairly free ordered language. Furthermore, it is possible to justify Persian scrambling (as the pragmatic intention of speaker) in a based-generated way because FDG does not consider movement. For this sake, Persian short-distance leftward scrambling as a frequent phenomenon is investigated on the basis of pragmatic (not syntactic) considerations in the last part of study.
Seyed Mahdi Sadati Nooshabadi; Mehdi Sabzevari; Narjes Banou Sabouri; Mazdak Anoushe
Abstract
In this paper the parasitic gap in Persian language is explained by using the explanations provided by two proposed approaches in the Minimalist Programme namely as “Sideward Movement” and “Symmetric Merge”. In “Sideward Movement” the parasitic gap is considered as ...
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In this paper the parasitic gap in Persian language is explained by using the explanations provided by two proposed approaches in the Minimalist Programme namely as “Sideward Movement” and “Symmetric Merge”. In “Sideward Movement” the parasitic gap is considered as a NP which after valuing its uninterpretable feature in the adjunct clause, moves to the main clause to value its uninterpretable feature again and then moves to the specifier of the CP. This explanation is problematic since the uninterpretable features are checked and deleted after being valued. In the “Symmetric Merge” approach the parasitic gap is considered as a shared NP between the adjunct and main clauses by having the same case feature in two clauses. This approach cannot explain the parasitic gap in Persian language since in some example the moved NP has two different case features. After reviewing other examples from the old, middle, and new Persian languages and finding that the parasitic gap has particular characteristics such a grammaticality of the sentence even when we have pronoun in the situation of the real gap, it is concluded that the Persian language is a language without parasitic gap.
Word construction
Tahereh Afshar; Ali Rohi
Abstract
Morphology is one of the most basic parts of linguistics which studies the structure of words . The reduplication process is one of generative processes which in most known languages is a pattern for the production of new words. This study intends to investigate Lori-Dehlorani dialect in the perspective ...
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Morphology is one of the most basic parts of linguistics which studies the structure of words . The reduplication process is one of generative processes which in most known languages is a pattern for the production of new words. This study intends to investigate Lori-Dehlorani dialect in the perspective of reduplication based on the theory of iconicity. The iconicity in this research is studied semantically. The research method has been done using library-descriptive and field research. Using the interview and observation methods, the researchers collected and recorded the informations. Thus, the results of the studies were kept in appropriate tools and they were classified . The semantic and formal classification of reduplicates, which was over 234 cases, was performed in separate tables and their frequency was determined. Semantic classification Based on Rieger model was performed separately for plurality, repetition, baby, spread, intensity, continuation, affection, smallness, non-uniformity, lack of control, completion, contempt, attenuation, In addition, other widely used concepts related to the reduplications include: decrease, increase , distribution were used. Finally, the collected information has been carefully analyzed in order to investigate the issue of reduplication . The results showed that in Lori-Dehlorani dialect with the exception of the concept of plural, there are different types of iconic reduplications but the frequency of them is not the same. Thus, the concept of increase with a frequency of 51 items and the concepts of smallness and contempt each with a frequency of 2 items have the highest and lowest application rates, respectively.
Neurology of the language
Fahimeh Nasib Zarraby; Mahmoud BijanKhan; Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh; Ali Darzi
Abstract
During the recent two decades, the subject of processing well-formed and ill-formed words have been exploited in the literature for different languages and different purposes. Lexical retrieval for auditory inputs has been proved to start as soon as 200 ms after the stimulus onset. However, the questions ...
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During the recent two decades, the subject of processing well-formed and ill-formed words have been exploited in the literature for different languages and different purposes. Lexical retrieval for auditory inputs has been proved to start as soon as 200 ms after the stimulus onset. However, the questions of when and how well-formed and ill-formed words change their processing paths have yet to be answered for Farsi speakers. In this study, Farsi speakers did a lexical decision task while their brain activity was being recorded by a 64 channel EEG. The stimuli included Farsi words, pseudowords and nonwords, which were very similar in structure and were consistent in terms of fundamental frequency, intensity and duration. The ERP data showed an LPC for nonwords in frontal regions, which is known to be an indicator of violating phonotactic constraints. In addition, nonwords and pseudowords showed almost equal N400 effects in parietal regions, which can reflect a more effortful semantic integration compared with words. Finally, the peak latency analysis revealed an earlier N400 peak for pseudowords as opposed to words and nonwords. The regions where N400 and LPC were identified differed from some studies in the literature.
Psychology of language
Tayebeh Ghasemi; Hossein Navidinia; Mitra Rastguo Moghadam; Hamid Tirani Niknejad
Abstract
In hearing-impaired children, cochlea begins after receiving a hearing aid and prosthesis, and these children begin hearing late. Although everyday language and speech skills are improved in deaf children with the help of speech therapy, because these children enter the public education system and are ...
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In hearing-impaired children, cochlea begins after receiving a hearing aid and prosthesis, and these children begin hearing late. Although everyday language and speech skills are improved in deaf children with the help of speech therapy, because these children enter the public education system and are trained alongside their hearing peers and encounter texts and textbooks. It is necessary to carefully examine language skills, i.e. language comprehension (listening) and expression (speaking) in deaf children with their hearing peers. In the present study, the components of spoken language (listening and speaking) in deaf children with their hearing peers were investigated. For this purpose, 39 children aged 6-8 years were compared in this study. Participants in the study included 10 children with hearing aids, 13 children with cochlear implants and 16 hearing children who were assessed using the Told-p: 3 language development tests. After the test, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Human Whitney tests. The results showed that there was no significant difference in spoken language, listening and speaking between children with cochlear implants and hearing aids. But there is a significant difference between hearing children and two groups of deaf children in different aspects of spoken language. Due to the fact that spoken language is the basis of written language, deaf children who are weak in different dimensions of spoken language (listening and speaking) will also perform poorly in different dimensions of written language (reading and writing) and this It is important in the educational development of deaf children.
Linguistics
Rouhollah Yaghoubi; Ferdows Aghagolzadeh
Abstract
The present research aims to describe and analyze the Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphors of Mood in the listening module of TOEFL official books, in the framework of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). It attempts to ascertain an answer to the following question: “To what extent has TOEFL been ...
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The present research aims to describe and analyze the Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphors of Mood in the listening module of TOEFL official books, in the framework of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). It attempts to ascertain an answer to the following question: “To what extent has TOEFL been able to benefit from Mood Grammatical Metaphor as a primary concept in Functional Linguistics?”, as we know it is a communicative-based approach to study languages, and it claims that Grammatical Metaphor is a trait of scientific texts. The research method was based on qualitative content analysis, and documentary method of data collection was employed. In this regard, three official TOEFL iBT books, including a total of fourteen tests were selected. The listening module of each test entails six texts in the form of conversations and lectures. First, each clause of the total of 84 texts was identified and examined separately. Then, Mood Grammatical Metaphors were extracted from each text and compared in terms of the type and frequency. The findings indicated that: 1. there was a higher frequency of Mood Metaphors in the conversation texts than in the lecture texts of the listening module, 2. In terms of the types of Mood Grammatical Metaphors, the use of the indicative and interrogative moods, which were the metaphorical representation of imperative clauses, had the highest frequency compared to other types of Mood Grammatical Metaphors, respectively. It can be said that Face Saving and Politeness strategies cause individuals to avoid using the imperative mood. It is crucial to raise awareness of the Grammatical Metaphor concept and use its explicit instruction teaching so that it can help language learners improve their communicative competence and achieve better results in scientific text comprehension.
Word construction
Saeed Akabri; Aazanin Amir Arjmandi; Marjan Taheri Oskuei; Mahnaz Karbalaei Sadegh
Abstract
The present research investigates the productivity of nounmaker derivational suffixes in modern Persian language based on the theoretical framework of Plag(2003). For this purpose, the authors have selected 63 sources existing in the Persian Language databese (PLDB) which included 2/260/868 words and ...
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The present research investigates the productivity of nounmaker derivational suffixes in modern Persian language based on the theoretical framework of Plag(2003). For this purpose, the authors have selected 63 sources existing in the Persian Language databese (PLDB) which included 2/260/868 words and have extracted 3907derivative nouns with token frequency of 45779 derivative nouns. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is corpus base. After the study of collected data of research, the authors have concluded that the quantitative method for measuring the productivity of word formation processes introduced by Plag (2003) is to count the outputs of a word formation process. Also, different methods of measuring the productivity rate of noun maker derivational suffixes offer different results. Analysis of the extracted data from the research corpus shows that among the noun maker derivational suffixes in Persian, (/-i/) has the highest productivity and these suffixes (/-ān/, /-ine/, /-iƷe/, /-un/, /-?orænʤǝn/, /-rænʤǝn/, /-ʃǝn/, /-gāle/) have the lowest productivity.
Linguistics
Mohammad Reza Pahlavannezhad; Rayhaneh Ahmadi; Sajjad Bagheri
Abstract
This paper employs Halliday Functional Grammar and Simpson's framework to conduct a stylistic analysis of Simin Daneshvar's "Souvashoon". The analysis utilizes Systemic Functional Grammar to examine the novel's ideational and experiential meta function, verbal processes, and Mood. Additionally, Simpson's ...
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This paper employs Halliday Functional Grammar and Simpson's framework to conduct a stylistic analysis of Simin Daneshvar's "Souvashoon". The analysis utilizes Systemic Functional Grammar to examine the novel's ideational and experiential meta function, verbal processes, and Mood. Additionally, Simpson's narrative stylistics is employed to analyze the characters, sociolinguistic codes, textual structure, and intertextuality. Data for this research is collected using library methods. The results indicate a significant correlation between word choice, verbal processes, Mood, and the representation of characters in "Souvashoon". Based on these findings and evaluations, it is evident that the representation of characters can be discerned through an investigation of sociolinguistic codes, textual structures, and intertextuality.
Critical Discourse Analysis
Erfan Ebrahimi; Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari
Abstract
This study examined the discourses of two dramatic texts written by Naghmeh Samini according to the hegemony of the time of production and consumption of the text. The plays Sheklak and Khab dar Fenjan-e Khali were published in between 2004 and 2008. The selected texts were used over the same time as ...
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This study examined the discourses of two dramatic texts written by Naghmeh Samini according to the hegemony of the time of production and consumption of the text. The plays Sheklak and Khab dar Fenjan-e Khali were published in between 2004 and 2008. The selected texts were used over the same time as the fundamentalist government governed. In this research, the plays were not studied as mere artistic texts, but as a linguistic elements that include different discourses. Using Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, the social practice of dramatic texts were investigated. Using his three-stage model, i.e., analyzing the text, finding the discourse practice, and finding the social practice, the texts were analyzed. The results showed that the ruling discourse of that time had an impact on the formation of texts, and at the same time, the discourses used by the author in the plays are based on the author’s gender and some other characteristics. The discourse is far from the articulation of the hegemonic discourse of the time. Although the author tries to distance himself from hegemony by using linguistic tools, yet the extent of this distance and how ideology and power are reflected in the texts can be examined.
Linguistics and Khorasan dialects
Youli Ioannesyan
Abstract
The study examined five characteristics of the Khorasani Group of Persian Dialects distinguishing it from the Afghan-Tajiki group. These characteristics consist of two phonetic and two morphological features as well as one relating to prepositions. Though not representing all the distinguishing features ...
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The study examined five characteristics of the Khorasani Group of Persian Dialects distinguishing it from the Afghan-Tajiki group. These characteristics consist of two phonetic and two morphological features as well as one relating to prepositions. Though not representing all the distinguishing features between the groups, they have been singled out by the researcher as some most stable characteristics. The study used a wide range of sources, including field research and numerous works of Russian, Western, Iranian, Tajiki and Afghan authors. The texts (legends and stories about everyday issues) in the Herat dialect, which were obtained as a result of the author's field work in Afghanistan, were collected from illiterate and poorly literate speakers of the said dialect. Due to the lack of education, these people were not influenced by the Kabul dialect or the language, and they kept their native dialect in the purest form. This research proved that the discussed features are among the main features that distinguish Khorasani Persian dialects group from Afghani-Tajik group.
Semantics
Fatemeh Hashemizadeh; Arman Bakhtiary
Abstract
Text M150 is a Manichaean manuscript in early new Persian language of the Berlin academy of sciences. Müller in the same year of deciphering Manichaean script in 1904 read more sections of the texts and released it. Most of its parts are damaged and contain many Arabic words. This text contains a Sogdian ...
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Text M150 is a Manichaean manuscript in early new Persian language of the Berlin academy of sciences. Müller in the same year of deciphering Manichaean script in 1904 read more sections of the texts and released it. Most of its parts are damaged and contain many Arabic words. This text contains a Sogdian Manichaean calendar in the first half of the fourth century. This text entails some names of the zoroastrian days, but the names of planets and constellations are Arabic. In this article is this lunar solar calendar of fourth century transcripted and translated and is given with the explanations and notes.
Mohammad Rasekh Mahand
Abstract
In the literature of differential object marking (DOM), it is argued that animacy and definiteness are the two main distinguishing features in marking or not marking direct objects. Objects high in definiteness and animacy clines are more likely to be case marked. Using a functional-typological approach, ...
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In the literature of differential object marking (DOM), it is argued that animacy and definiteness are the two main distinguishing features in marking or not marking direct objects. Objects high in definiteness and animacy clines are more likely to be case marked. Using a functional-typological approach, Aissen (2003) asserts that in Persian, objects high in definiteness and animacy clines are followed by the postposition, RA. This paper tries to show that Aissen’s explanation of Persian RA is not acceptable and her conclusions are not valid considering Persian data.
Azam Estaji
Abstract
In Modern Persian the interrogative pronoun, the relative pronoun and the complementizer ke are homophonous and formally identical. The present paper based on the historical data from Persian, attempts to find the cause of this identity. Do they come from the same source or is this just an accident? ...
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In Modern Persian the interrogative pronoun, the relative pronoun and the complementizer ke are homophonous and formally identical. The present paper based on the historical data from Persian, attempts to find the cause of this identity. Do they come from the same source or is this just an accident?
Harris and Campbell (1995: 282-313) on discussing the development of complex constructions make the point that “certain devices that mark subordination do indeed originate in questions and are then extended to subordination” (ibid: 308).
Examining the formal devices used for marking subordination, complementation and forming questions in Old Persian, Middle Persian and Modern New Persian shows that:
a. In Old Persian the interrogative pronoun is quite distinct from the relative pronoun and the complementizer.
b. In Middle Persian the interrogative pronoun is homophonous with the relative pronoun but the complementizer is still distinct.
c. In Early New Persian, in some cases the complementizer overlaps with the other two forms.
d. In Modern New Persian the three forms have become the homophonous Ke, formally resembling the interrogative pronoun in Old Persian.
So it seems that the Persian data give support to Harris and Campbell's point.
Shahla Sharifi
Abstract
Kakhki dialect is one of the dialects of the south of Razavi Khorasan Province which is spoken in a subdivision of Gonabad, called “Kakhk”. This dialect and two other dialects (Khaniki and Ferdowsi), as far as the researcher knows, are the only linguistically described dialects in the Razavi Khorasan ...
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Kakhki dialect is one of the dialects of the south of Razavi Khorasan Province which is spoken in a subdivision of Gonabad, called “Kakhk”. This dialect and two other dialects (Khaniki and Ferdowsi), as far as the researcher knows, are the only linguistically described dialects in the Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan provinces which have the ergative case marking. Ergative case marking in this dialect has led to some interesting morphological features. Some of these features will be studied in this paper. The results of the research show that functions and positions of the nominative and accusative clitic pronouns in this dialect are remarkably different from the ones in the standard Persian. Moreover, regarding the order of the clitic morphemes related to the verb base (the Bybee’s Relevance principle), this dialect shows features different from those of the standard Persian. Another interesting morphological features in this dialect is the addition of nominative clitic pronouns to the free pronouns with different functions. It was found that clitic pronouns in this dialect do not attach to the adpositions, and from this aspect, this dialect differs from the contemporary spoken Persian language.
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum
Abstract
The link between studies in discourse analysis and corpus linguistics has created new fields of research previously unattended. One of these areas is the study of semantic prosody produced through frequent collocation of a lexical item with a collection of words. Semantic prosody is the positive, negative ...
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The link between studies in discourse analysis and corpus linguistics has created new fields of research previously unattended. One of these areas is the study of semantic prosody produced through frequent collocation of a lexical item with a collection of words. Semantic prosody is the positive, negative or neutral shade of meaning which a seemingly neutral word adopts after frequent collocation with positive, negative or neutral words. This is an important concept in corpus linguistics which has recently interested the linguists and attracted their attention. The present paper introduces this concept in Persian for the first time, reviews its applications and provides examples in a corpus of Persian texts. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the contributions of Sinclair (1987) and Louw (1993) and later studies following these two. A number of verbal complexes were searched in the internet in order to compile a corpus of Persian sentences containing these verbs and their collocating words. The results indicated that statistically significant differences can be observed in the semantic prosody of these sample verbs, hence the realisation of semantic prosody patterns in Persian collocations
Semantics
Mahmood Naghizadeh
Abstract
Dynamical systems approach provides a theoretical framework for describing metaphor in face-to-face conversation and relies on the idea that metaphor is not static mapping between domains, but it is considered as a temporary stability that emerges from the interaction of interconnected systems of social ...
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Dynamical systems approach provides a theoretical framework for describing metaphor in face-to-face conversation and relies on the idea that metaphor is not static mapping between domains, but it is considered as a temporary stability that emerges from the interaction of interconnected systems of social use and cognitive activities in language. Drawing on dynamical systems approach, this study tried to study creating and understanding systematic metaphors in election debates in Persian. The data of this descriptive-analytical study were collected through observing debates for Iran parliament election in 2023. The results indicated that in creating metaphor as a self-organized process, embodied aspects of repeated biological experience such as far-near (getting away from the issue) and primary metaphors like مقاومت، ایستادن بهصورت عمودی است (persistence is standing upright) are considered as points of equilibrium and basins for the emergence of metaphorical utterances. Furthermore, different vehicle terms (gambling, right) were used to conceptualize the same topic (election). This variety in conceptualization might lead to different understanding and reasoning of the world and various unpredictable metaphorical expressions (phase change). Finally, creating such conceptual metaphors (سیستان جسد نیمهجان یک انسان است personalizing Sistan province as a dying human being), force schema (to overload a parliament bill) and novel metaphorical expressions (تقدیم کادو به مخالفین شرکت در انتخابات یا رقیب انتخاباتی meaning “giving gifts to the opposition or rival candidates”) together with cultural components and contextual-cognitive elements may be considered as the ground for creating metaphors that are activated in nonlinear patterns and in different temporal and social scales.
