Parisa Najafi; Jalal Rahimian; Alireza Khormaee; Amirsaeid Moloodi
Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, Pages 1-38
Abstract
Phase predicates describe each of the beginning, continuation, or end phases of an event and are expressed in the form of verbs such as start, continue, end, and so on. In this regard, we call the structures in which there is a phasal predicates "phase construction" and discuss them. We believe that ...
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Phase predicates describe each of the beginning, continuation, or end phases of an event and are expressed in the form of verbs such as start, continue, end, and so on. In this regard, we call the structures in which there is a phasal predicates "phase construction" and discuss them. We believe that Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) with its approach to the analysis of complex constructions can be used as a theoretical framework for the present study. Based on this, we first analyze the syntactic and semantics aspects of phase constructions, then explain the interaction of the two levels of syntax and semantics. Finally, we will present the “constructional scheme” of phase constructions in Persian language. In the syntactic dimension, various types of "juncture-nexus" relations are considered, and in the semantics dimension, various properties of predicates will be the focus of discussion. Syntactic-semantic interaction in phase constructions will also be justified in the form of linking algorithms. It is worth mentioning that the data of the present study are taken from the corpus of Hamshahri 2.
Syntax
Sahar Mohammadian; Bahram Modarresi; Foroogh Kazemi; Setareh Majidi
Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, Pages 39-77
Abstract
Dabir-Moghaddam (1972,2004) believes that -râ, moreover, is syntactically the function word of the explicit object, can also be informationally the marker of its secondary topic. Meanwhile, some researchers have challenged the use of -râ as a secondary topic marker in the explicit object ...
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Dabir-Moghaddam (1972,2004) believes that -râ, moreover, is syntactically the function word of the explicit object, can also be informationally the marker of its secondary topic. Meanwhile, some researchers have challenged the use of -râ as a secondary topic marker in the explicit object when it is indefinite or when it is considered as an informative focus in response to the speaker's question in the discourse context. They have considered the marker-râ being fastened on factors such as identifiability, specificity, and definiteness. The current study's goal is to examine the marker-râ using the LFG approach of King (1997), Butt & King (2000), and Abubakari (2018), relying on the definitions provided by the secondary topic by Dabir-Moghaddam (1972,2004), Dalrymple & Nikolaeva (2011). The research methodology is descriptive-analytical, and the data was collected in two ways: in the library and field. The findings reveal that in the f-structure, the grammatical preposition-râ is placed in the (PFORM) feature and can indicate the grammatical function of the theme/patient oblique instead of the grammatical function of the explicit object. In the i-structure, -râ is placed in the (DFORM) feature and leads to secondary topic marking. In the c-structure, as the preposition's head, it also causes the formation of the prepositional phrase. Also, in the above-mentioned challenging cases, it has been shown that with a suggestion of the layered i-structure, the râ-Marker as a (DFORM) marks secondary topic at the sentence level and the secondary topic can be placed on the inner or outer layer of other informative elements at a level beyond the sentence. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mentioned approach in the LFG in line with the opinion of Dabir-Moghaddam (1972,2004) on the effect of syntactic and informational factors on the occurrence of -râ, can show a comprehensive representation of the marker-râ.
Bahman Heidari; Amer Gheitury; Masoud Dehghan
Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, Pages 100-79
Abstract
The present study is not only the first comprehensive study about a Kurdish poet using Text World theory, but also the first research of the formation of the location of the text world layer of Chair written by Shirko Bikas which has been done with the descriptive-analytic method and the aim of achieving ...
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The present study is not only the first comprehensive study about a Kurdish poet using Text World theory, but also the first research of the formation of the location of the text world layer of Chair written by Shirko Bikas which has been done with the descriptive-analytic method and the aim of achieving the location of the text world of Chair based on Text World Theory. The data were selected and collected from Shirko’s work titled Chair. Examining the formation of the text world of Chair using world-building elements and function-advancing propositions showed that the text world of Chair is represented through place names, and in the absence of place names, through the world-building elements of time and character. Also, one part of the representation of the location of the text world of Chair is obtained through the verbal phrases of function-advancing propositions. In addition, the representation of location in the text world of Chair provided cognitive-poetic evidence to support Shirko’s claim that location and names cover a wide range of her works.
Linguistic typology
Vali Rezai; Najmeh Khedri
Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, Pages 101-125
Abstract
Adverbs are among those complicated subject's different aspects of which have been investigated throughout history. However, linguists have not reached an agreement on the diverse issues related to adverbs, from its definition to the fact that whether it should be considered as a lexical category in ...
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Adverbs are among those complicated subject's different aspects of which have been investigated throughout history. However, linguists have not reached an agreement on the diverse issues related to adverbs, from its definition to the fact that whether it should be considered as a lexical category in addition to nouns, adjectives and verbs. This research is aimed at determining the place of Persian adverbs regarding their prototypical characteristics as one of the parts of speech in the Croft’s semantic map of parts of speech based on the typological prototype theory. Hence, according to the typological criteria, a number of adverbs used in everyday speech of standard Persian speakers gathered from the national media as well as adverbs used in various contemporary Persian texts were analyzed. On the basis of the research results, considering the adverb as a lexical category, the place of the unmarked adverbs, defined functionally and considered unmarked typologically, in the Persian language was determined in the Croft’s semantic map of parts of speech in the lexical class of property the same as the unmarked adjectives, and it was shown that despite of the unmarked adjectives denoting the propositional act of modification within reference, the unmarked adverbs describe the propositional act of modification within predication. Moreover, the places of PPs on verbs and converbs, both of them as marked adverbs, were determined as words of object showing the propositional act of modification within predication and words of action showing the propositional act of modification within predication, respectively, in the Croft’s semantic map of parts of speech.
Pragmatics
Massoumeh Khodaei Moghaddam; Atiyeh Kamyabi Gol; Shahla Sharifi
Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, Pages 126-152
Abstract
Textbook content evaluation based on a checklist is a widely common method for evaluating textbooks. This type of evaluation plays an effective role on preserving textbook quality. In this study, by applying a validated checklist- including 4 main categories of “physical features, design and layout”, ...
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Textbook content evaluation based on a checklist is a widely common method for evaluating textbooks. This type of evaluation plays an effective role on preserving textbook quality. In this study, by applying a validated checklist- including 4 main categories of “physical features, design and layout”, “skills and sub-skills”, “subject and content”, and “practical consideration”- two textbook series, namely, Amouzesh-e-novin-e zaban-e-Farsi (ANZF) and Amouzesh-e-Farsi-be-Farsi (AFBF) were analyzed and compared qualitatively. Based on the results, these textbooks were evaluated as ‘good’ and ‘very good’ in their physical features, design and layout, according to the instructors’ viewpoints, however the researchers evaluated them as partly-good due to some shortcomings such as lack of workbooks and teacher’s manuals. In the skills and sub-skills category, both series had fundamental problems; and to sum up, the ANZF series seem to be partly-weak and AFBF series seem to be highly-weak. In the category of ‘subject and content’, the ANZF series is evaluated as partly-good, and the AFBF series is evaluated as weak. In the category of ‘practical considerations’, the ANZF is evaluated as partly-good, and the AFBF is evaluated as partly-weak. Generally, the ANZF series was evaluated as partly good and AFBF was evaluated as weak.
phonemics
Bashir Jam
Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, Pages 178-196
Abstract
The present/ future forms of the infinitive verb "dAdan" (to give) are made by adding the prefix /mi-/ and the inflectional endings /-am/, /-i/, /-ad/, /-im/, /-id/, and /-and/ to the stem /de/. These forms include [mideham] (I give), [midehi] (you (singular) give), [midehad] (s/he gives), [midehim] ...
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The present/ future forms of the infinitive verb "dAdan" (to give) are made by adding the prefix /mi-/ and the inflectional endings /-am/, /-i/, /-ad/, /-im/, /-id/, and /-and/ to the stem /de/. These forms include [mideham] (I give), [midehi] (you (singular) give), [midehad] (s/he gives), [midehim] (we give), [midehid] (you (plural) give), and [midehand] (they give) respectively. The pronunciation of these forms in colloquial Persian decreases from three syllables to two because according to the principle of minimal effort speakers tend to use less energy and to make less effort when producing linguistic elements. As a result, these forms are pronounced [midam] (I give), [midi] (you (singular) give), [mide] (s/he gives), [midim] (we give), [midin] (you (plural) give), and [midan] (they give) respectively. This research aims to identify and analyze the phonological processes and constraint rankings that cause the pronunciation of these forms. The rankings are completed gradually until a single inclusive ranking is gained that is capable of explaining all the pronunciations. The primary cause of these pronunciations is the deletion of the verb vowel /e/ to resolve hiatus. Other phonological processes that occur include /d/ deletion, [n] insertion, and vowel raising. This paper adopts morphologically indexed constraints to accommodate feeding opacity in [mide] and [midin]. Moreover, it applies Harmonic Serialism to handle opacity in the former.
Discourse analysis
Shiva Ahmadi; Mohammad Bagher Mirzaei Hesarian
Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, Pages 197-227
Abstract
Conversation analysis is one of the important areas in linguistics that investigates real conversations and examines them from different aspects; One of the important topics in conversational analysis is turn taking, which determines who and when with what linguistic and non-verbal cues to give or receive ...
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Conversation analysis is one of the important areas in linguistics that investigates real conversations and examines them from different aspects; One of the important topics in conversational analysis is turn taking, which determines who and when with what linguistic and non-verbal cues to give or receive a turn. The aim of the current study is to analyze the representation of the turn-taking system in the dialogues of the PARFA collection with descriptive-analytical method. 11 techniques proposed by Sacks et al. (1974) and Jefferson (1973) were used for data analysis. The review of 98 conversations in the three volume of PARFA showed that in 75% of the turn-taking cases, the speaker decided to give up his turn and in the remaining 25%, self-turning took place. In assigning the turn to speak, the "question and answer" technique had a very large share and the two techniques of "emphasizing questions and apologies" had a very small and almost zero percent share in turn assignment. In the topic of taking turns, the technique of "expressing the opinion at the right time" had a very high contribution and the technique of "predicting the end of the speaker's speech" had a zero percent contribution. No particular order was observed in the relative use of turn-taking and self-turning techniques in introductory, intermediate and advanced level books. In general, it seems that speech turn taking system is generally represented in the PARFA, but there are some differences in it with the natural turn taking system of Persian speakers.
Syntax
Seyyed Mahdi Sadati Nooshabadi; Narjes Banou sabouri
Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, Pages 229-254
Abstract
In this research the structure of gapping in the Old Persian and Zoroastrian Middle Persian Languages is studied with regard to the symmetric merge and multi-dominance approach. For doing so, at first the structure of gapping and its properties are described and then this structure in the linguistic ...
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In this research the structure of gapping in the Old Persian and Zoroastrian Middle Persian Languages is studied with regard to the symmetric merge and multi-dominance approach. For doing so, at first the structure of gapping and its properties are described and then this structure in the linguistic samples of Old and Middle Persian Languages are analyzed by using the results of Citko (2011b and 2012). According to the results of this research, the properties of gapping structure found in the samples of Old Persian Language are different from the standard notion of gapping in a way that in the samples of Old Persian Language there is scrambling phenomenon in a NP and the deleted construction is also a part of embedded NP. In the Zoroastrian Middle Persian language, evidences found in the gapping structure such as existence of the same tense, voice of the verb and lexical verbs in the conjuncts are the solid bases for the symmetric merge of the T, little v, and lexical verb heads in this structure.
