Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam; sima maleki
Volume 8, Issue 14 , November 2016, Pages 1-23
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Repetition is a lingual phenomenon which in various languages and in different frames, has been studied. The whole or part of the base is repeated in this process. Hence, in Farsi language, repetition is classified by two parts, total and partial. When the base is ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Repetition is a lingual phenomenon which in various languages and in different frames, has been studied. The whole or part of the base is repeated in this process. Hence, in Farsi language, repetition is classified by two parts, total and partial. When the base is repeated perfectly, it is called total reduplication and if some part of the base will be repeated, it is called partial reduplication (Shaghaghi, 2000: 525). Merely, in this research we consider the total reduplication.
2. Methodology
Total reduplication is a process which is made by repetition of one base or adding one functional morpheme structure. This process is divided by two kinds of proper total reduplication and added perfect repetition (middle and final). Proper total reduplication, is just made by the base. Whereas, in the total reduplication, in addition two repetitive base and functional morpheme consider in structure which in two base or after the second base are placed,( Shaghaghi, 2012:99). Moravcsik (1978) applies this repetition as increase, decrease, plural and so on. Two main approaches are obvious in the Repetitive factor: To copy of phonemic and to repeat semantic and inflectional specifications. The first approach has been introduced by Marantz (1982) which is a basically phonemic approach, but the second approach has been considered by Inkelas and Zoll (2005) which is inflectional. By view of this suggestion, it is important and it is like semantics. The pattern by Inkelas and Zoll in Morphological Doubling consist of ‟the set of semantic specifications and some added meaning” (Inkelas & Zoll: 6-7) .In order to have semantic concordance, Inklas and Zoll (2005) anticipate the existence of allomorphs from one root which are identical by semantic (Inkelas & Zoll: 9-10).
Riger (1998) believes that in various languages, repetition mostly reflects such concepts like decrease, disorder, disdain, plural, intensity, childhood, affection, perfection and continuation and he presents these concepts by function of two factors of iconicity and semantic spreading.
3. Data Analysis
The total reduplication process is called a group of compound words which is made by adding functional morpheme or base repetition and it is divided to proper total reduplication and added perfect repetition (Shaghaghi, 2012:99). The proper total reduplication only is made by base repetition. It belongs to the different topics like noun, adjective, adverb, sound, sound noun, group and sentence and concepts such as, intensity, stress, increase, abundance, continuation, count lessness or gender. They are adding to the base and sometimes alter the meaning and topic. Some repetitive pattern will not express the new meaning, rather they must be adjusted each other in order to show the new meaning. Sometimes it is gathered in figurative meaning and sometimes they are in contrast. In onomatopoeias both part do not have meaning. But almost express the repetition concepts. In Onomatopoeias solely both part have no meaning, but almost one conveys the repetition concepts. In the total reduplication, in addition two based repetition functional morpheme has a role in structure where is seen between two bases or after the second base attention to functional morpheme place, this process could be divided by the middle and the end. But if the functional morpheme will be lied between two bases, we call it the middle perfect repetition which makes novel words by proposition and middle morpheme and based repetition. In this process, some of the repetitive words from the first to the end has figurative meaning. These repetitive words not only could have alteration in output of semantic change, rather functional morpheme, but also could find the different meaning in composition of consequence.
But, at the end, added perfect repetition, frequently element lies after the base and output leads to the derivational morpheme. This process is made by adding the suffix to the second base which completes the particular meaning to the repetitive word. Some of these words are special to the colloquial and maternal style.
4. Conclusion
At the recent research, the apparent analysis and repetitive semantic process were accomplished in Persian language. Whatever is gained from the recent research data shows that in this process, Persian language has great varieties. It means that, in this process, Persian language has excessive varieties because of several meanings and structures, and possessing various kinds. Generally, at the proper total reduplication, the category of repetitive words somehow is different from the base topic and some repetitive words could not convey the novel meaning. And also, in some words, the figurative meaning is inferred. Inkelas and Zoll maintain the morpheme which leads to the root and they are identical which could be seen in Persian, too. They are different from the phoneme, but in semantic, they have concordance, like, washout, building, at the proper total reduplication according to the base, meaning of continuation, excess, intensity, plurality, gradation, distribution, condition, disorder and worriment is remarked. In Onomatopoeias, both parts have no meaning, but suggest the repetition concepts in closeness.
By virtue of proposition and middle morpheme in perfect end repetition and repetition base, the new words are made, this pattern influences the multitude of nouns, adjectives and adverbs. The result meaning by the pattern could convey sequence, encounter, continuation, increase, interference, variety, rareness, connection, disorder, intensity, stress, condition, gradation, diminution, weakening, causing to love. The study of this process as a structure and semantic, reveals that the manner of combination in patterns causes some alteration in the process of meaning and surface.
Ferdows Aghagolzadeh; ailin firoozian
Volume 8, Issue 14 , November 2016, Pages 25-49
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Without a doubt, people communicate their feelings and thoughts through discourse and texts. Every text is formed based on some metalinguistic variables including, culture, history, relations of power, politics, norms, and rules of the society. The author is supposed ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Without a doubt, people communicate their feelings and thoughts through discourse and texts. Every text is formed based on some metalinguistic variables including, culture, history, relations of power, politics, norms, and rules of the society. The author is supposed to organize a text considering all these mentioned variables and the translator is expected to take them into account while translating the same text (Wodak & Meyer, 2001). Hence, it can be inferred that the metalinguistic variables find their reflection in the language (the choice of words) both the author and translator employ and therefore, the trace of ideology can be found in all texts (Basnett, 2002; Schäffner, 2009). Moreover, the translator conveys his intended meaning to the reader by clever manipulation of words and structures (Tymoczko & Gentzler, 2002; Mason, 2010).
Considering all mentioned points and despite various ideological discourse structures proposed by Van Dijk (2004), Iranian researchers paid scant attention to the study of style and rhetoric as compared to other discourse structures introduced by Van Dijk (2004). Furthermore, regarding the reciprocal relationship between culture and language and the fact that Persian language is occupied with literary devices for long time, writers of different types of texts especially literary texts make use of these sources. Concerning the paucity of research in this realm, the chief purpose of this paper is to apply the Van Dijk (2004)‘s model as the starting point for critical discourse analysis of Persian political translated texts to arrive at deeper understanding of how political translators use these two discourse structures and their strategies in order to impose their intended ideologies. In addition, we try to uncover the ideological reasons of political translators in applying these two discourse structures.
2. Methodology
To collect data, a corpus of 300 English paragraphs and their translated counterparts in Persian were accurately scrutinized sentence by sentence. All these paragraphs were related to the recently important political issues in Iran which were translated into Persian by translators. This corpus is taken from a comprehensive collection of newspapers, websites, theses, magazines, recorded deals, and so on. To achieve the aim of this study, all sentences in the 300 paragraphs were read meticulously and critically, concentrating on each phrase, clause, and sentence separately and in conjunction with the neighboring phrases, clauses, and sentences. They were searched for the strategies of style and rhetoric; the strategy of style includes lexicalization and rhetoric is composed of 7 strategies which are simile, number game, irony, repetition, hyperbole, dramatization, and metaphor. Subsequently, one example was given for each strategy.
3. Discussion
The analysis of results exhibited that among 300 paragraphs taken into account, 50 instances of lexicalization were found; the reasons of applying such strategies were not the same throughout these paragraphs translated by different translators. The researchers cited three reasons behind making use of lexicalization which are as follows: 1) ideological lexicalization 2) stylistic lexicalization 3) complementary lexicalization (i.e., the translator resorts to the use of two strategies simultaneously, one of which is lexicalization, to express his ideology more effectively). The complementary lexicalization was classified into three groups: a) lexicalization and generalization b) lexicalization and euphemism c) lexicalization and nominalization. This finding is in line with the Ideological Square of Van Dijk (2004). Furthermore, the finding showed that the occurrences of the strategies of rhetoric were just equal to 7.
4. Conclusion
The results indicated that the frequency of employing rhetoric strategies was much less than the use of the style strategy. This would mean that the translators enjoyed more tendency to apply lexicalization strategy than the rhetoric ones. As a matter of fact, rhetoric strategies may embrace literary devices, the abundance of which can be apparently seen in Persian language and culture. However, it was found that Persian translators showed less tendency to use rhetoric strategies to reflect their own ideology. This result may lend support to the fact that political texts are mostly written in direct and straight manner and as a result, translators would prefer to use lexicalization strategy more frequently than rhetoric strategies.
Every scientific enquiry opens new directions for further research. Future directions for research in this area would be to survey political discourses in other countries and compare their results with the results of current study. Since this study focused on written discourse, it is engrossing to conduct another study to deal with spoken discourse.
moharram rezayati kishekhalel; mohammad asgharzadeh
Volume 8, Issue 14 , November 2016, Pages 51-76
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Nowadays Kurdish language is often divided to 3 main groups:
1-the southern group consists of several incongrous accents that are spoken in the sout of Iranian Kurdistan.
2-the central group consists of Iraqi northeastern Kurdish, Kurdistan of Iran and the adjacent ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Nowadays Kurdish language is often divided to 3 main groups:
1-the southern group consists of several incongrous accents that are spoken in the sout of Iranian Kurdistan.
2-the central group consists of Iraqi northeastern Kurdish, Kurdistan of Iran and the adjacent areas around it and called Surani.
3-northern Kurdi wich is the language of more than ⅔ of Kurdish people and called Kormanji.
The common Kormanji dialect in Khorasan has some differences with the other Kormanji dialects, the variety of this dialect of course is not that widespread and significant in Khorasan and there aren’t many differences among the types of Kormanji in Khorasan.
In the last fifty years, several Kormanji grammar books have been written that we can refer to Kormanji grammar written by Juis Blue and Veisi Barak (1999)as the important one. Among Persian-Kormanji dictionaries, we can refer to Kormanji dictionary(with 27000 entries) that is compiled and edited by Mr. Pakseresht and his collegues )Omrzadeh,Sh. mahmudi, h. aran, s. kocher, k. shamsi, m. ajami, n. qolizadeh, m. dolatpur, s. padash, k. yusefi, a( )2012). In the last two decades, surveys related to this dialect and also written books in Khorasani Kormanji have been increasing.
In this researh, passive structure, signs of agreement patterns and ergative in Roudbari and Khorasani Kormanji have been compared. Writers in this article didn’t find a research that specifically considers the features of Kormanji dialect in Roudbar in their query. It is important to mention that Kormanji dialects in towns and villsges of Roudbar, don’t have much difference with each other, so the extracted results from this survey that are based on Kormanji dialect of the village “Gofol” can be generalized to the whole Roudbar.
2. Methodology
This research is based on data from experiments and libraries in a descriptive-analytic way. One of the writers of the article is a native Kormanji speaker and acquired the experimental data of the article from daily colloquiums of native Kormanji speakers of Roudbar in Guilan province and also by interviews with speakers from different areas of Khorasan. Furthermore, in definiens, historical background and conducted studies have been refered to written resources.
3. Results & Discusssion
3. 1. Passive structure
In standard Kormanji and Khorasani, there is a combinational-grammatical structure for stating the passive form. In Kormanji of Roudbar, combinational construct of passive verb in standard and Khorasani dialects has been changed. In some conditions of present and futuretenses, Roudbari speakers, influenced by Persian, use objective adjective construct for stating passive verbs.
In Kormanji of Roudbar, in addition to the structure above, there is another type of passive verb that unlike the first type, is not confusing in its meaning in the past tense and means passive in all of tenses. This construct has been seen in the survey of different Kormanji dialects. In Kormanji, unlike other Kurdish dialects, passive form has a combinational construct. Since in ergative of standard Kormanji and Khorasani verb obeys from object, locating the object of sentence in the subjective place(agent) have caused this obedience to be more fortified and to be used as a kind of grammatical independence toward the second way of the intransitive verb(hatən= to come) in the passive construct of sentence.
Transformation of combinational passive in the Kormanji dialect of Roudbar that caused to the transfer of passive verbs sign from the end of the intransitive verb (hat=came) to the end of the transitive verb (bu=became), can be known as an step in transforming ergative to subjective-objective system.
3. 2. Signs of agreement patterns
Different signs of objective form have been reduced in Roudbari Kormanji. Naturally, the existence of different forms of agreement patterns in prior dialects of Kormanji has had grammatical and phonological reasons. Reduction of these signs and combination of several objective signs in a construct in Roudbari Kormanji is representative of two points: 1- Moving Roudbari Kormanji toward the language simplification. 2- Transformation of ergative to subjective-objective system.
In standard Kormanji, there are signs of gender in nous, proclamative and additional conditions and some pronouns. These signs also have had constancy in Kormanji of Khorasan. Among the new generation of Kormanji speakers the concept of gender is being collapsed. Of course, this change is more common in virtual male and female nouns. Some times even real male and female nouns are pronounced with irrelevant generic suffixes. To sum up, in addition to real male and female, the way of pronouncing the last added part does not differ so much, but forms of pronounciation which represent generic distinction, have been maintained. Subjective and objective pronouns in Kormanji of Khorasan and Roudbar are like each other except third-person singular that in non-subjective condition in Khorasani Khormanji, the male and female forms are distinguished from each other. Of course, standard Kormanji and Khorasan due to the existence of ergative, non-subjective pronouns can locate in the place of subject and subjective pronous can locate in the place of object. By paying attention to the transformation of Roudbari Kormanji dialect to subjective-objective system, subjective pronouns only locate in subjective place and non-subjective pronouns locate in objective place. Although this dialect has missed its ergrtive identity, during this process, unlike Persian, it does not have its distinction between subjective and non-subjective pronouns. Signs of gender have been totally disappeared in Kormanji of Rudbar.
3. 3. Ergative
In Kormanji like many other languages, ergative condition is gradually disappearing and transforming to subjective-objective system. In cities of khorasan the amount and speed of this change is not equal in all of the areas, the more we move towards western and northern points of Khorasan province, the more will be the dominance of subjective-objective system. Totally, it could be said that the rate of the changes in Kormanji dialect of Khorasan is too high. By paying attention to this point that the ergative condition has remained among Kormanj people of Amard plateau and Aamarlou tribe in the suburbs of Neishabour(who are parts of Kormanj immigrants in Rudbar) intentionally or unintentionally, deletion of gender signs and transformation of ergative system to subjective-objective system in Kormanj speakers must have occurred during the second period in the time of Nader Shahe Afshar(1728.ad)
4. Conclusions & Suggestions
Kormanji like all of the other languages and dialects, has been undergoing changes in its historical and geographical way. These changes are different according to the rate of communication with speakers of other languages, national and local media and educational system. Some parts of these changes have happened naturally. In kormanji dialect of Khorasan, signs of gender and agreement patterns have last the significance. Also, ergative system is gradually being collapsed.
In Roudbari Kormanji, the combinational passive construct has been changed, signs of gender distinction have been decreased as much as possible. Also, grammatical system of this dialect has been changed from ergative to subjective-objective system. Totally, it could be said that Kormanji of Roudbar, in the way of language simplification, has acquired some of its grammatical and symbolic constructs from Persian, but if adopted and acquired constructs in some verbs, words and grammar rules have been in a contradiction with psychological and eloquent principles of language, have attempted to maintain archaic distinctions or creating new constructs in a dynamic way.
Rezvan Motavallian Naeini; AliReza Parham
Volume 8, Issue 14 , November 2016, Pages 77-109
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The diversity of impersonal constructions and the different approaches used in studying them have caused different and sometimes contradictory positions about their classification and the explanation of grammatical and semantic roles of their components. This article ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The diversity of impersonal constructions and the different approaches used in studying them have caused different and sometimes contradictory positions about their classification and the explanation of grammatical and semantic roles of their components. This article reveals the necessity of studying them with a new approach which pursues a common basis covering all the possible sorts of impersonal constructions. In the present research the traditional approaches toward studying these constructions, i.e., functional and structural ones, have been conflated and have made a new method in handling the issue. This research deals with the constructions from a perspective that emphasizes subject and its properties. In doing so, first, based on Malchukov and Ogawa (2011), a series of features which is regarded as functional properties of subject prototype is selected (definiteness, topicality, agentivity, referentiality) from Keenan's (1976) viewpoint. Following the idea that any reduction in functional features is reflected in formal appearance of sentences and leads them toward impersonality, the research probes data from different languages and presents a new categorization of impersonal constructions in Persian cross-linguistically.
Keywords: Impersonal Constructions, cross-linguistic analysis, Functional Properties of Subject, Subject Prototype
2. Methodology
The present qualitative research has been carried out to unify different analyses of impersonal constructions in Persian and to give comprehensive accounts. Following Malchukov and Ogawa (2011), we have conflated communicative-functional and structural approaches. The data were collected from different books. Since we are native speakers of Persian language, we relied on our introspective judgments about the well-formedness of these extracted constructions.
3. Discussion
The term impersonal is ambiguous and controversial. From the functional perspective, impersonalization is defined in terms of agent defocusing, and from the structural view, impersonality is related to the lack of subject (or the lack of grammatical features of subject such as inflection of verb) (Malchukov & Siewierska, 2011, p. 2). Current studies of impersonal constructions in Persian are complex, heterogeneous and to some extent not comprehensive. On one hand, traditional classifications confine impersonality to the lack of agreement between subject and verb. On the other hand, the diversity of these classifications poses some complexity. To handle the diversity and to take the first step towards a comprehensive analysis of impersonal constructions in Persian, we pursue new view of impersonality and we follow the methodological point proposing that the study of impersonals should focus on both structural and functional perspectives.
The main question of this research is how we can associate functional and formal varieties of impersonal constructions. The hypothesis we adopt is that deviation from functional features of a prototypical subject is reflected in the formal structure of the sentence. In fact, following Givon (2005) and Malchukov and Ogawa(2011), we take Keenan’s definition of the basic subject and from his 30 linguistic properties including functional, semantic, coding, structural and behavioral properties, we focus on a few functional features applicable cross-linguistically (i.e., definiteness, topicality, agentivity, and referentiality) and study their relation with formal (coding) features in Persian impersonal constructions.
This paper is structured as follows: in section 2, we discuss contradictory views of different linguists about impersonal constructions in Persian. In section 3, we study two different functional and structural approaches to impersonal constructions. In section 4, taking both these approaches, we discuss cross-linguistic variation of impersonal constructions and overview its availability in Persian. Finally, section 5 summarizes the results of this article and gives a new classification from impersonal constructions in Persian.
4. Conclusions
In summary, regarding the relation between functional properties (a decrease in functional properties contributing to subject hood: agentivity, definiteness, etc.), and formal properties of impersonal constructions cross-linguistically, we can propose the new classification of impersonal constructions in Persian as follows:
1- Impersonal constructions with non-referential subjects or weather constructions
a. (Dummy) subjects of weather verbs (bad juri mibare) (It's raining cats and dogs.)
b. “Dummy verb” construction (aftab zade ast) (The sun has risen.)
c. Cognate construction (baran mibare) (It rains.)
d. Weather constructions with a semi-formal subject (i.e., lexical subject with a nominal meaning ‘world’, ‘weather’ or ‘sky’ or mythological subjects(khoda barane rahmatash ra bar ma mibarad)(God’s mercy is rained on us.)
2- Impersonal constructions with indefinite subjects
a. Use of zero pronouns through inflection of verbs (migan inja hame tahsil karde hastand) (they say all the people are educated here.)
b. Use of impersonal pronouns (ma montazerim yeki in moshkel ra hal kone) (We look forwardto somebody solving this problem.)
c. Use of special lexical subjects: man- impersonals (adam bavar nemikone) (no one believes it.)
d. Auxiliary impersonals(bayad gozasht va raft)(We must leave everything behind and go away)
3- Impersonal constructions with non-topical subjects
a. Expressive sentences (ma’lum ast ke anha inja budeand) (It is clear that they have been here.)
4- Impersonal constructions with inanimate subjects (agents)
a. Absence of agreement (in languages in which agreement is controlled by animatearguments(namehayi ke be etmam reside bud ersal shod)(The letters which had been finished were sent.)
5- Impersonal constructions with non-volitional subjects (agents) Experiencer-anticausative constructions or inaccusative languages (delam gereft, Ali bimar shod) (I feel down, Ali became sick.)
sanaz Alipour; shahla sharifi; Ali Izanloo
Volume 8, Issue 14 , November 2016, Pages 111-139
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
In the last several years, it has been established that metaphor is not deviant and not any prevalent in rhetoric and in literary writing, but is actually an indispensable part of a natural language and thought. Emerging cognitive linguistics as an approach of looking ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
In the last several years, it has been established that metaphor is not deviant and not any prevalent in rhetoric and in literary writing, but is actually an indispensable part of a natural language and thought. Emerging cognitive linguistics as an approach of looking at both language and thought in recent years, has led to take metaphor in to account as a powerful new way of understanding and expressing abstract imaginations by concrete and perceptible things. Metaphor is here broadly defined as a set of correspondence or a mapping between two conceptual domains, following the central tenet of conceptual metaphor theory (CMT, Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) and discourse is understood as verbal communication in natural situation. Metaphor is cognitive-linguistically defined as a conceptual domain, the source (e.g., WAR) and the target domain (e.g., ARGUMENT). To study metaphor, its functions in sentences, its underlying mappings, its effect on processing and so on, they need to reliably and systematically identify in order to create a solid basis for analysis. To fulfill this, we present the metaphor identification procedure followed by an example of how the procedure can be applied to identify metaphorically words in this text, then we suggest a format for reporting the result of MIP. The result of this study has proved that although using this method for identifying metaphor is not easy at all, but at present MIP is the optimal, authentic, reliable and explicit method for identification metaphor.
2. Methodology
In order to get our aim i.e. identifying and analyzing of metaphor in real texts, I will take a data-based approach. The corpus I work on contains some parts of news articles. In this study I will use MIP as a systematic, explicit and repeatable method for metaphor identification. This method is in fact a response to the vast amount of intuition-based research.
3. Discussion
One of the problems in metaphor research in last years has been identifying and explicating metaphoric language in real discourse. The difficulty with this line of work, however is the metaphor scholars often differ in their intuitions about what constitutes a metaphoric word or phrase. Metaphor researchers often do not provide criteria in their empirical investigations for specifying what is, and what is not metaphorical, and not surprisingly focus on different aspects of metaphorical language depending on their own theoretical orientation and research purpose. Variability in intuitions and lack of precision about what counts as metaphor make it difficult to compare different empirical analysis. More important, the lack of agreed criteria for metaphor identification complicates claims about the frequency of metaphor, its organization in discourse and possible relations between metaphoric language and metaphoric thought. In 2007 Pragglejazgroup -a group of scholars from a variety of academic disciplines- have attempted to create an explicit, reliable and flexible method for identifying metaphorically used words in spoken and written language. This article presents the "metaphor identification procedure" (MIP), followed by an example of how the procedure can be applied to identifying metaphorically used words in a news text. This research show sour procedure and outlines the way it may be used by metaphor in different empirical researches. The procedure aims to establish, for each lexical unit in a stretch of discourse, whether its use in the particular context can be described as metaphorical.
4. Conclusion
MIP has been created by Pragglejaz Group to provide a reliable, explicit and authentic tool for the identification of metaphorically used words in different contexts. Although some scholars may claim that they can use their intuition for identifying metaphor, their intuition may be different and hurt the reliability of the research. Our experience suggests that researchers will need to spend some time getting acquainted with the procedure by applying to texts. Metaphor identification by using MIP is a hard work and must be done slowly and analysts must go through all the steps of the procedure constantly and step by step for each lexical unit. Various decisions must be made at each step of the procedure that often require researchers to determine how they will proceed when encountering specific instances of language in different contexts. The finding of this research demonstrates the value of doing linguistic metaphor identification and analysis in the way that was done in the metaphor in Discourse Project. At the end, we can say that MIP can be used to address very specific research questions, for instance, one emerging issue in metaphor research concerns the density of metaphorical expressions in discourse, used as in different discourse genres (news, academic, fiction, conversation).
MAZINANI ABOLFAZL
Volume 8, Issue 14 , November 2016, Pages 141-162
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Mazinan, a village and the center of a rural district, is a subdivision of Sabzevar City located in the eastern part of Razavi-Khorasan Province. The fact that this village has been mentioned and described as a cultivated town in hodud al-alam men al-mašriq ila l-maqrib ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Mazinan, a village and the center of a rural district, is a subdivision of Sabzevar City located in the eastern part of Razavi-Khorasan Province. The fact that this village has been mentioned and described as a cultivated town in hodud al-alam men al-mašriq ila l-maqrib (see Sotudeh, 1983) written in the10th century A.D. indicates that Mazinan is at least15 centuries-old. The only language spoken in this old area is Mazinani Dialect of Persian. The most outstanding difference between the dialect and standard New Persian is due to the morphosyntax of its pronominal enclitics which behave much more similarly to those of Middle Persian (See Mazinani, 2008).
It’s generally believed that, diachronically, the dialects spoken in rural areas change slower than their standard counterparts because of which they may indicate a midpoint between the courses of change from the so-called Middle to New languages. This characteristic adds to the significance of studying dialects as promotional sources of investigating the causes of linguistic/typological change since a successful answer to the question of how such a change occurs in the generation-to-generation transmission of language is of some theoretical importance; it may “tell us much about the nature of parameters, the kind of primary linguistic data required to set them to a particular value, whether there are default values, and potentially many other matters” (Roberts, 2007, p. 109).
After Mazinani (2008), this is the second academic research done to describe and record another linguistic aspect of this dialect i.e. verb construction. Observing some formal variations in the construction of a particular tense with different verbs, we decided to answer the following questions:
1.In which tense constructions of Mazinani Dialect (MD) are the aforementioned variations observed?
2.Keeping an eye to verb constructions in Middle Persian, what is the possible justification behind the observed formal variations and the respective dissimilarities of the Dialect to SNP?
2. Methodology
This study was carried out by a descriptive-analytic approach to compare and contrast some verb constructions of MD to those of SNP and MP. We used SNP’s grammatical terms/tenses/definitions to describe different verb constructions in MD. The APA alphabet was used to transcribe the data of MD and SNP; the data of MP were also written by McKenzie’s method of transcription. Closing the eyes to the phonological processes because of which MD may seem hard to decipher to SNP speakers, there are no significant morphological/syntactic mismatches between these two counterparts, except for their clitic systems; consequently, due to lack of space we focused on recording the conflicting verb structures of MD and SNP.
3. Tense structures compared and contrasted
Present Simple Construction:
SNP: /mi-/ + Present Stem +AGR
MD: /me-& mo-/ + Present Stem + AGR
MP: Present Stem +AGR
Except for some phonological divergences, there is no morphological/structural difference between MD and SNP in terms of Present Simple Construction. The SNP, MD, and MP’s paradigms of Subject Agreement Suffixes are [am, i , ad , im , id, an(d)] ,[om, i , a , im, e. ,e.n(d)], and [om , ē(h) , ēd , ēm, ēd, ēnd] respectively. However, the MP’s AGR suffixes did not attach to past stems, i.e. the combination of ‘present stems + PAST’.
Present Subjunctive Construction:
SNP: /be-& bo-/ + Present Stem + AGR
MD structure 1: /be-& bo-/ + Present Stem + AGR
MD structure 2: Present Stem + AGR
MP: Present Stem + Subjunctive AGR
Present Subjunctive Tense is of two variations in MD, the dominant one of which is exactly constructed the same as that of SNP and the other one is reminiscent of that of MP. Keep it in mind that MP had a distinctive paradigm of AGR suffixes attaching to present stems to signify Present Subjunctive: this paradigm is [ān, āy, ād , ām, ād, ānd].
Past Simple Construction:
SNP: Present Stem + PAST+ AGR
MD structure 1: Present Stem + PAST +AGR
MD structure 2: /be- & bo-/ + Present Stem + PAST + AGR
MP: (host=Pronominal EncliticsERG) + …+ (bē) +Past Participle
Past simple Tense is also of two variations in MD one of which is exactly constructed the same as that of SNP while the second one has kept on carrying a currently-meaningless element from MP. In MD, structural variations are in complimentary distribution in terms of using a particular verb.
Present Perfect Construction:
SNP structure 1: Past Participle + /?-/ + AGR (used for all, other than 3sg)
SNP structure 2: Past Participle + /?ast/+ AGR (used only for 3sg)
MD structure 1: Past Participle + /y-/+ AGR (used for all, other than 3sg)
MD structure 2: Past Participle + /-st/ + /-a/3sg (used only for 3sg)
MP structure 1a: Intransitive Past Participle + /h-/ +AGR (used for all, other than 3sg)
MP structure 1b: Transitive Past Participle + /h-/ +AGR (used for all, other than 3sg)
MP structure 2a: Intransitive Past Participle + /ēst/ + AGR
MP structure 2b: Transitive Past Participle + /ēst/ + AGR
/?-/ and /y-/ are phonologically changed forms of the AUX /h-/ in MP which means ‘to be + PRESENT’ and functions as Perfective Aspect Morpheme in SNP & MD.
Two Present Perfect structures have been at work in MP made by adding two AUX paradigms to past participles. MP’s 1b & 2b structures are considered passive due to the transitivity of the main part i.e. past participle. So, in such constructions the AUX agreed to the formal subject of the sentence i.e. the real object of the verb.
Interestingly, led to a mixed paradigm, the gap in 3sg form of the paradigm [h + AGR] in MP has been filled by the 3sg form of the other AUX i.e. ēstad in MD (See two variations of MD).
Future Simple Construction:
SNP: /xah-/ + AGR + (Present Stem + Past)
MD: /xa/ + (Present Stem + Past) + AGR
Despite SNP, MD’s AGR suffixes attach to the end of the main verb rather than the AUX.
4. Conclusion
In this study, we focused on analyzing the construction of MD’s verbs in different tenses in which there was found a sort of inconsistency to SNP. Consequently, Present/Past/Future Simple, Present Subjunctive, and Present Perfect were studied along with keeping an eye to their equivalents in Middle Persian and the following results were achieved: a) the dialect’s AGR suffixes are more correlated with their counterparts in MP than SNP; b) Simple Past’s construction was also seen of two variations- different from and the same as SNP; c) Present Perfect’s paradigm was considered to be a blend of two Present Perfect variations existing in MP; and d) over all, the observed dualities and results remind the researchers of the Hawkins’ (1983) ‘Dual Acquisition Hypothesis’ and, therefore, the dialect’s mid-state in comparison to MP and SNP. Moreover, a trace of MP’s ergative system was seen in only one verb both in its past and present tenses.
mohsen mobaraki
Volume 8, Issue 14 , November 2016, Pages 163-181
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The word discourse has become widespread in human sciences since 1960s. As a result of recent improvements in linguistics, different attitudes toward discourse analysis were introduced noting that all language aspects should be considered under the social context (Sha'iri, ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The word discourse has become widespread in human sciences since 1960s. As a result of recent improvements in linguistics, different attitudes toward discourse analysis were introduced noting that all language aspects should be considered under the social context (Sha'iri, 1381). The present research aims at finding out which of the topics, namely "Ghasideie dandanieh" (Dandanieh ode), "piry" (oldness), "Konun zamaneh degar gasht" (Nowadays everything has changed) or "Delam neshato tarab ra farakh meidan bud" (I was extremely happy) is the most suitable topic for one of Roodaki's odes through considering Hymes' discourse analysis principle (1964), Grice's relation principle (1975) and Grice's presupposition principle (1981).
A piece of writing can have different meanings if it is used in different times and places and by different listeners or speakers, so that it may mean "X" in context "A" while it means "Y" in context "B". In Hymes's (1964) ethnographic hypothesis, the method of social relations governing people in selecting and picking a language genre is considered as a basic issue in discourse analysis. He refers to eight characteristics in his language paradigm to analyze the events. According to Hymes's hypothesis (1975), the relations should follow special principles including quality principle, quantity principle, relation principle, and speech manner principle. This hypothesis asserts that speakers always try to speak in a way that is away from being misunderstood.
2. Methodology
This ode is discussed through using a bottom-up approach which should start from the text level in order to reconstruct the outer contexts. Since the physical context and the analyzers are not present in the context where the text is produced, inner contexts should be used through employing instruments such as presuppositions, so that the unmentioned facts could be derived from the text. In this ode the sentences are primarily analyzed singularly and then in a unified way based on cohesive and coherent principles and are analyzed and compared through tables. It is worth mentioning that text coherence refers to the unity of the sentences done through the sentence relation and is made through liaison words and this kind of coherence is done through semantic relations between the words.
3. Discussion
In this part some of Roodaki's odes are mentioned to decide which topic is the best one for this ode. In verse "mara besudo foroo rikht har che dandan bud" (All my teeth fell down), the addressee is unknown and not easy to be understood. Through considering some more words and increasing situational contexts and more references, the addressee will become crystal clear.
On the other hand, different speech acts including regret, complaint, advice, admiration and thanking have different connotations in different sentences. As an example, the speech act in the verse "Sepideh sim radeh budo dorro marjan bud, setareie sahari budo ghatreh baran bud" (The dawn raised up seeming like gem and coral, and it looked like dawn star falling as droplets) can denote admiration, regret, or both. As the number of contexts increase, different speech acts become more understandable. For instance, in the verse "yeki namand konun zan hame besudo berikht, che nahs bovad? hamana ke nahs keivan bud, na nahs keivan budo na ruzegar deraz, che bud? manat beguyam ghazaye doran bud" [no teeth left and all fell down, what is ominous? seems Keivan is ominous, neither Keivan nor life is ominous, so? I tell you it was fate] it seems that the speech act can be a sort of complaint from the life.
In verse "shod an zamane ke she'rash hameh jahan benevesht, shod an zamaneh ke oo sha'ere Khorasan bud" (The time came when everybody used his poems and he changed into a well-known poet in Khorasan) the topic is the life change and the changes happening in the poet's manner and the presupposition is that there must be a Khorasani poet. Since by considering other verses, different speech acts such as admiration and regret is denoted from this verse, it can be concluded that once the poet's words was understood in different places and times in the past, there was no poet in khorasan to be as influential as he was.
4. Conclusion
As mentioned in the article, sentences are analyzed based on semantics and context has no role in this regard. So, the present research looked at this issue from a discourse perspective which has a close relation with pragmatics. It considered Roodaki's sentences in one of his odes having different names in different sources, and based on different discourse elements including speaker, addressee, topic, message, presuppositions, and speech acts, tried to find a suitable topic for Roodaki's ode. Since the topic "Hasrate javani" (youth time regret) is only based on one of the issues in discourse analysis namely the speech act of "regret", it cannot be an appropriate topic for this discourse, and since word "life" has got the most frequency in this ode, the topic "konun zamaneh degar gasht" (now everything has changed) can be considered as the most suitable topic for this ode.
