Word construction
Tahereh afshar; Ali Rohi
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 1-32
Abstract
Morphology is one of the most basic parts of linguistics which studies the structure of words . The reduplication process is one of generative processes which in most known languages is a pattern for the production of new words. This study intends to investigate Lori-Dehlorani dialect in the perspective ...
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Morphology is one of the most basic parts of linguistics which studies the structure of words . The reduplication process is one of generative processes which in most known languages is a pattern for the production of new words. This study intends to investigate Lori-Dehlorani dialect in the perspective of reduplication based on the theory of iconicity. The iconicity in this research is studied semantically. The research method has been done using library-descriptive and field research. Using the interview and observation methods, the researchers collected and recorded the informations. Thus, the results of the studies were kept in appropriate tools and they were classified . The semantic and formal classification of reduplicates, which was over 234 cases, was performed in separate tables and their frequency was determined. Semantic classification Based on Rieger model was performed separately for plurality, repetition, baby, spread, intensity, continuation, affection, smallness, non-uniformity, lack of control, completion, contempt, attenuation, In addition, other widely used concepts related to the reduplications include: decrease, increase , distribution were used. Finally, the collected information has been carefully analyzed in order to investigate the issue of reduplication . The results showed that in Lori-Dehlorani dialect with the exception of the concept of plural, there are different types of iconic reduplications but the frequency of them is not the same. Thus, the concept of increase with a frequency of 51 items and the concepts of smallness and contempt each with a frequency of 2 items have the highest and lowest application rates, respectively.
Discourse analysis
zahra hosseini; raha zareifard
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 33-58
Abstract
The use of metadiscourse is very important in investigating texts and discourses. Metadiscourse is a kind of discourse which reveals the relationships between the writer (speaker) with the text (discourse) and also the audience. There are many kinds of metadiscourse; the interactional metadiscourse is ...
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The use of metadiscourse is very important in investigating texts and discourses. Metadiscourse is a kind of discourse which reveals the relationships between the writer (speaker) with the text (discourse) and also the audience. There are many kinds of metadiscourse; the interactional metadiscourse is one vital kind. This research aims at investigating interactional metadiscourse in Nahjolbalaghe based on Hyland (2005). First the text analysed carefully and all kinds of interactional metadiscourse categorized based on forms and functions. Then these categories analyzed quantitatively. The results of this research reveal that Imam Ali used all kinds of interactional metadiscourse skillfully. He used engagement markers for connecting to the audience manipulating different functions such as warning, blaming and encouraging. Self- mentions have been used to deny his negative traits and prove his transcendent qualities. Hedges have been used rarely.He has applied boosters for emphasizing his stability. Attitude markers with almost negative connotations have also manipulated to represent the attitude of Imam Ali towards his audience.Key terms: Nahjolbalaghe, interactional metadiscourse, engagement markers, Boosters, attitude markers, self-mentions, hedges.
Word construction
Parya Razmdideh; Sara Kheyrmand
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 59-98
Abstract
“nɑme”-last complex words have rarely been examined in Persian morphology. In this study, examining the function of “nɑme” in the word-formation of Complex words which is embedded as a shared constituent, the polysemous patterns have been analyzed in the framework of construction ...
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“nɑme”-last complex words have rarely been examined in Persian morphology. In this study, examining the function of “nɑme” in the word-formation of Complex words which is embedded as a shared constituent, the polysemous patterns have been analyzed in the framework of construction morphology (Booij, 2010). To fulfill this purpose, 102 “nɑme”-last complex words have been gathered from 3 Persian dictionaries including Zansoo (1994), Sokhan (2003), and Dehkhoda (1999) which have been classified in 12 extensions of meaning, adopting generalized holistic constructional schema which govern less abstract subschemas as meaning extensions derived from conceptual mechanisms. Achievements depicted that image schemas, metonymy, and metaphor are the chief forces in getting “nɑme”, polysemous in the examined complex words. Additionally, the other possibilities such as bound meaning in terms of constructional idiom, hierarchical lexicon, and default inheritance contributed by construction morphology indicated that “nɑme”-last complex words are governed by the so-called constructional idiom as a kind of constructional schema in which a fixed lexical unit with bound meaning is embedded. This justifies how “nɑme” is positioned in the fuzzy boundary between compounding and derivation as a “affixoid” which is grammaticalizing.
Pragmatics
sara askari foorg
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 99-125
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study, we are going to examine two variables of age and gender in “complaint speech act” in Persian. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of gender and age on the use of complaint speech act and ultimately its analysis in Persian language society. ...
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AbstractIn the present study, we are going to examine two variables of age and gender in “complaint speech act” in Persian. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of gender and age on the use of complaint speech act and ultimately its analysis in Persian language society. To this end, 21 Persian films, from family genres, were selected. Discourses containing complaint speech act were transcribed in Persian films and the age and gender variables were reviewed. Trosborg model was used for data analysis. He divided complaint speech act into 5 categories(hint, disapproval, accusation, blame and treat) and 7 sub categories (annoyance, ill consequence, direct accusation, indirect accusation, modified blame, blame (person), blame(behavior)). Statistical analysis was used to analyze gender and age effects, and the results were plotted at the tables and charts for a closer look. Statistical analysis showed that men use more complaint speech acts than women. Also, Men use direct complaints and women use indirect complaints more. In the Persian-speaking community, the young age group is the biggest user of the complaint. It seems as the age goes higher, the less willingness to use complaint acts occurs. It should be noted that the elderly and middle age groups use more direct complaints than child and young age groups. People use the most direct complaints and the least indirect complaints in conversations with younger people.
Pragmatics
Sima Avazpour; Mahmoud BijanKhan
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 127-151
Abstract
In this paper phonological processes in pausal position of Qura’n are investigated in parallel optimality theory. Short vowels are deleted, disregarding their morphological and syntactical roles, such as indefinite morpheme /n/, nominal /u/ and genitive /i/ cases. The low vowel /a/ representing ...
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In this paper phonological processes in pausal position of Qura’n are investigated in parallel optimality theory. Short vowels are deleted, disregarding their morphological and syntactical roles, such as indefinite morpheme /n/, nominal /u/ and genitive /i/ cases. The low vowel /a/ representing accusative case resists to deletion due to high sonority and is lengthened and extended to the emptied adjacent mora. However, accusative case vowel is deleted in feminine nominatives, which is justified by the constraint that bans every type of suffixes after feminine one and is high ranked. In addition to deletion of indefinite and case morphemes, feminine suffix /t/ is debucalized and altered to [h] in female nominatives. According to this research, ranking of constraints prevents the appearance of light syllables in pausal position and deletion and lengthening processes happen to substitute heavy or superheavy syllables for light ones. ranking of constraints prevents the appearance of light syllables in pausal position and deletion and lengthening processes happen to substitute heavy or superheavy syllables for light ones.
Linguistics
Maryam Molaei; Mohammad Amin Sorahi; Mohammad Rostampour
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 153-175
Abstract
abstractFor a few decades, the studies of cognitive linguists interested in metaphors dedicated to the identification and description of metaphors and the two dimensional relationship between mind and language. But Steen's (2008) studies on metaphorical patterns showed that there is a third communicative ...
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abstractFor a few decades, the studies of cognitive linguists interested in metaphors dedicated to the identification and description of metaphors and the two dimensional relationship between mind and language. But Steen's (2008) studies on metaphorical patterns showed that there is a third communicative dimension about some metaphors which cannot be explained by the two dimensional theories of metaphor. In the third dimension, a distinction is made between deliberate and non-deliberate metaphors. This study is aimed at introducing the theory of deliberate metaphor by analyzing Iranian newspaper headlines within the theory of deliberate metaphor. The results of this study show that in addition to the three dimensional structure of metaphors and their communicative role in exchanging information which were neglected in previous studies, in newspaper headlines like many other domains, metaphors are sometimes used quite deliberately to lead their audience attention to specific topics to be described and explained. .
Discourse analysis
azam estaji
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 177-202
Abstract
A suicide note is any kind of text that is left behind before a person commits suicide or intends to commit suicide. These texts have been analyzed by linguists and psychologists among others to get a better understanding of the suicide act. The present paper first reviews how these notes have been analyzed ...
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A suicide note is any kind of text that is left behind before a person commits suicide or intends to commit suicide. These texts have been analyzed by linguists and psychologists among others to get a better understanding of the suicide act. The present paper first reviews how these notes have been analyzed . In the second part of the paper, four Farsi suicide notes are presented and based on Prokofyeva (2013) are analyzed. According to her, a clear statement of reasoning should be present in genuine suicide notes either with a direct statement or an implied one. The ‘clear statement’ of why the suicide takes place is an integral part of almost every genuine suicide note Prokofyeva (2013) examined, as it is an aim of its author to explain why such a decision has been made. As for the structure of suicide notes, each note consists of the following components: a- Form of address (more often someone specific) b - Introduction) c- Culmination/body ( d - Conclusion/closing words (farewell; signature; post-scriptum; ). The analysis of Farsi notes which vary between 5 to18 words, shows that all of them state clearly the reason for committing suicide and express their last feelings (the first note expresses anger and puts the blame on someone, the second note expresses relief and forgiveness while the last one expresses hatred.) Considering the four components of a note, the first note which is very short, only has the introduction component. Other notes which are longer, have three components: introduction, body, conclusion or form of address. The ‘clear statement’ of why the suicide takes place is common to all the short notes analyzed. This paper emphasizes on the need to build a corpus of Farsi suicide notes for future studies in this interdisciplinary area.
MAZINANI ABOLFAZL; Ali Alizadeh; Alireza Azad
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 203-225
Abstract
Epistemology of different phenomena, i. e. the human’s endeavor to achieve an ideological/philosophical insight about their nature, can be his conduct in making decisions how to realize them. Since this is also true for bringing justice about the world, this research was carried out to investigate ...
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Epistemology of different phenomena, i. e. the human’s endeavor to achieve an ideological/philosophical insight about their nature, can be his conduct in making decisions how to realize them. Since this is also true for bringing justice about the world, this research was carried out to investigate the epistemological basics of Alavi/Shiite justice in Nahj-al-balāqa, a reference book compiled from the lectures and letters of Ali, the first Imam of Shi’as. Applying Topic-based Discourse Analysis Model as our methodology, we arrived at two different categories of conclusions. As a result of theoretical analysis, ‘the consistent selection of our mental, verbal, and practical behaviors based on right’ was concluded to be a definition of the nature of justice, while meanings of ‘right’ are to be from ‘correctness of doing’ to ‘religious assignments’. So, the extentions of the term ‘right’ were divided into these three categories: a) religious instructions/rights, b) private personal rights, and c) exchange and service rights. Meanwhile, 7 topoi, or addresses to rational schemes, were also identified as a result of linguistic analysis.
Computational linguistics
Atiyeh Kamyabi Gol; elham akhlaghi; Hanieh Habibi
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 227-246
Abstract
A corpus consists of natural continuous texts that are presented electronically and from which information about linguistic elements (both lexical and non-lexical) can be extracted; this can be done in the shortest possible time and with the highest degree of accuracy. The authors of this article have ...
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A corpus consists of natural continuous texts that are presented electronically and from which information about linguistic elements (both lexical and non-lexical) can be extracted; this can be done in the shortest possible time and with the highest degree of accuracy. The authors of this article have created Ferdowsi Annotated Academic Language Corpus and the purpose of this article is to introduce the corpus of faculty members of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and use it in analyzing and describing hedges in both fields of humanities and science. Hedges indicate the certainty of the author through words such as "maybe", "possibly" and "definitely". Research in this area has mainly focused on manual analysis of limited number of words. In this study, Salager Meyer’s (1997) classification has been used to identify, and categorize hedges. The data were extracted from Ferdowsi Annotated Academic Language Corpus which contains 1100 Persian language articles. Based on the results, the use of hedges in the field of humanities was about twice as much as in the field of science. Meanwhile, the use of conditionals and expressions of doubt in both fields had a high frequency. The results from this study have a better chance at being generalized to the fields under study due to the greater number of entries. The accuracy of the corpus labeling is 96% and it can be used as an excellent source for analysis and research on scientific texts.
Mahbube Noura
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 247-279
Abstract
With the Constitutional Movement we enter a new era that inevitably changes the language. During this period, laymen become the target of popular literature; as a result, new values and ideas emerge and the language simplification movement begins. Contemporary Persian prose is also gradually changing. ...
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With the Constitutional Movement we enter a new era that inevitably changes the language. During this period, laymen become the target of popular literature; as a result, new values and ideas emerge and the language simplification movement begins. Contemporary Persian prose is also gradually changing. Translation prose is no exception. This research is based on descriptive translation studies and its suggested norms for describing translation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the stylistic features of Iranian literary translators in the last century. In the current study, six stylistic variables of Iranian literary translators - passive sentence, sentence length, broken vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary, lexical calque, and Farsi expressions - were studied after the constitutional movement. The findings of this study indicate that over the past century, Iranian literary translators have used more familiar structures, long sentences, broken vocabulary and lexical punctuation, but the use of Persian and colloquial expressions has decreased after the climax of the second period. The results were analyzed based on the extent to which the translators of each course adhered to the capabilities of the Persian language.
Semantics
mojtaba pordel
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 281-315
Abstract
The Poems written by Garoos Abdolmalekian have been among successful Blank-Verse Persian poetry over the last two decades – selling well and numerous reprints testify to this claim, as well as recent translations of his poetry selections into English, French, Swedish, Arabic, Turkish and Kurdish. ...
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The Poems written by Garoos Abdolmalekian have been among successful Blank-Verse Persian poetry over the last two decades – selling well and numerous reprints testify to this claim, as well as recent translations of his poetry selections into English, French, Swedish, Arabic, Turkish and Kurdish. By employing the Conceptual Blending Theory proposed by Fauconnier and Turner (2002) and the conceptual means it provides for analyzing creative literary texts, the present work, with a hint at the theories of the nature of poetry, aims at a scientific, systematic investigation of the reasons lying behind this success. What comes through this process reveals that Abdolmalekian's work, owing to his use of novel imagery in his poems, enjoys a high degree of literary creativity, and consequently a high esthetic value. Analyzed in terms of the Conceptual Blending Theory, these images are resultant from an employment of hyperblends and double-scope integration networks as well as a rich variety of vital relationships. Moreover, observance of the governing or optimality principles in setting up blends and integration networks, which makes his poems, while having a high creativity degree, not deter his readers from approaching his poetry, thus contributing to the esthetic appeal of his work, which has a share in hid overall literary success.
Phonology
saeede shoja razavi
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, Pages 317-343
Abstract
چکیده:بررسی ساخت هجا در شناخت واجی یک گویش از اهمیت به سزایی برخوردار است. پژوهش حاضر در قالب طرحی میدانی به بررسی ساخت هجایی گویش مشهدی پرداخته و بر اساس نظریهی همخوان- ...
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چکیده:بررسی ساخت هجا در شناخت واجی یک گویش از اهمیت به سزایی برخوردار است. پژوهش حاضر در قالب طرحی میدانی به بررسی ساخت هجایی گویش مشهدی پرداخته و بر اساس نظریهی همخوان- واکه به شیوهی واج آرایی همخوانها و همچنین تاثیر واکهی هستهی هجا در انتخاب خوشههای همخوانی میپردازد. دادههای زبانی این پژوهش حاصل مصاحبه با ده گویشور مشهدی شامل زن و مرد بین سنین 60 تا 80 سال و کم سواد است. پژوهش حاضر در نظر دارد ضمن ارایهی تفاوتهای آوایی و ساخت واژی به این مهم بپردازد که گونه ی مورد بررسی گویش است نه لهجه. یافتههای پژوهش نشانگر آن است که عنصر هجایی در گویش مشهدی هسته است که قبل از آن حداکثر دو همخوان و بعد از آن نیز حداکثر دو همخوان میتوانند قرار گیرند. طی این بررسی مشاهده شد که تمایل گویش مشهدی بیشتر بر هجاهای کوتاه است به صورتی که در اغلب موارد در مقایسه با فارسی معیار درج واکه یا فرایند واج افزایی را شاهد میباشیم. واژههایی مانند: بزرگ//، ترش/ toro/، سطل// نشانگر این فرایند میباشد. فرایند واج افزایی در این گویش به چهار دسته تقسیم میشود که در این پژوهش به تفصیل به آن پرداخته شد.
