SEYYED MAHDI SADATI NOOSHABADI; Mehdi Sabzevari; Narjes Banou Sabouri; Mazdak Anoushe
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 1-29
Abstract
In this paper the parasitic gap in Persian language is explained by using the explanations provided by two proposed approaches in the Minimalist Programme namely as “Sideward Movement” and “Symmetric Merge”. In “Sideward Movement” the parasitic gap is considered as ...
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In this paper the parasitic gap in Persian language is explained by using the explanations provided by two proposed approaches in the Minimalist Programme namely as “Sideward Movement” and “Symmetric Merge”. In “Sideward Movement” the parasitic gap is considered as a NP which after valuing its uninterpretable feature in the adjunct clause, moves to the main clause to value its uninterpretable feature again and then moves to the specifier of the CP. This explanation is problematic since the uninterpretable features are checked and deleted after being valued. In the “Symmetric Merge” approach the parasitic gap is considered as a shared NP between the adjunct and main clauses by having the same case feature in two clauses. This approach cannot explain the parasitic gap in Persian language since in some example the moved NP has two different case features. After reviewing other examples from the old, middle, and new Persian languages and finding that the parasitic gap has particular characteristics such a grammaticality of the sentence even when we have pronoun in the situation of the real gap, it is concluded that the Persian language is a language without parasitic gap.
Parivash Aelaeian; Seyyed Mostafa Asi; Ali Karimi Firoozjaee; Hayat Ameri
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 31-60
Abstract
AbstractWith the emergence of electronic dictionaries and due to the inadequacies of existing Persian dictionaries, a scientific and theory-based approach is required in lexicography. One of the most important problems in lexicography, is the way of arranging idioms and idiomatic expressions. The purpose ...
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AbstractWith the emergence of electronic dictionaries and due to the inadequacies of existing Persian dictionaries, a scientific and theory-based approach is required in lexicography. One of the most important problems in lexicography, is the way of arranging idioms and idiomatic expressions. The purpose of the current study is to organize idioms and idiomatic expressions in dictionaries in a non-linear way. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following research question was proposed: How to use a way other than the usual alphabetical and linear way based on which idioms and idiomatic expressions are presented in dictionaries? To do this, based on descriptive-analytical method and cognitive semantics approach and its concepts, such as conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy, as well as conventional knowledge, the authors have examined the data extracted from Sokhan (Anvary, 1382) two-volume Persian dictionary. The results indicated that by presenting metaphoric and metonymic boxes in dictionaries, and based on the conventional knowledge of the language speakers, a non-linear way can be proposed for arranging idioms and their equivalents. But not all idioms could be analyzed based on conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and conventional knowledge, because some idioms were made through the non-figurative part of the language and could be analyzed accordingly.
iran Abdi; Mohammad Rasekh mahand
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 61-85
Abstract
One of the most puzzling facts about human language is also one of the most basic: Words occur according to a famously systematic frequency distribution such that there are few very high-frequency words that account for most of the tokens in text and many low-frequency words. In his pioneering research, ...
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One of the most puzzling facts about human language is also one of the most basic: Words occur according to a famously systematic frequency distribution such that there are few very high-frequency words that account for most of the tokens in text and many low-frequency words. In his pioneering research, G. K. Zipf observed that more frequent words tend to have more meanings, and showed that the number of meanings of a word grows as the square root of its frequency. One aspect that all dynamical models of grammar emphasize is that frequency of occurrence is an important determinant of linguistic structure and language use. This paper surveys the effects of frequency on Aspects in Persian and considers the correlation between Frequency and the numbers of different types of Aspect member in Persian. Aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how an action, event, or state, denoted by a verb, extends over time. Based on Bybee (1985, 1995, 201, 2003, 2006, 2011) and Haspelmath (2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2014) and Croft (2003), we try to clarify the frequency effect in decreasing numbers of different types of aspects in Persian. frequency-based form minimization, is probably the most important economy effect that shapes grammatical systems. Since Greenberg(1966a) and Croft (1990), this economy effect has been widely known, and has often been discussed under the heading of markedness. We conclude that There is a Reverse Relationship between the number of different types of aspect members and the frequency.
Sina Shafiyan; Ali Izanloo; Seyed Amir Amin Yazdi
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 85-109
Abstract
This research compares the usage of hedges in narratives of healthy people and patients with schizophrenia. The participants selected for this study were 15 female patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia, and the comparison group consisted of 15 healthy female control subjects. The two groups were ...
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This research compares the usage of hedges in narratives of healthy people and patients with schizophrenia. The participants selected for this study were 15 female patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia, and the comparison group consisted of 15 healthy female control subjects. The two groups were matched for chronological age, gender, socio-economic variables and level of formal education. ‘The Pear Film’, a six-minute motion picture with a soundtrack but no dialogue was used to elicit narratives from participants. All samples were audio-recorded and transcribed for further analysis. After implementing the participants' narratives in the MaxQda 2018, the coding of hedges was applied via the software. Hyland (1994) categorization and Skelton (1998) definition of hedges with some changes regarding the Persian language was used to identify and encode hedges. For this purpose, 7 categories of hedges including modal verbs, modal expressions, raising impersonal constructions, negative constructions, question forms, verbs of doubt and re-counts were defined in this study. All the data collected through the narrative production from participants were examined using SPSS software. Data analysis was consisted of two parts; first, the data were presented in descriptive terms and then, inferential statistics including Mann-Whitney and t-test were applied. The results of comparing the usage of hedges among the 7 categories showed that healthy people utilized modal expressions (p= 0.015) and verbs of doubt (p= 0.000) more significantly than patients. Through the usage of hedges, narrators intend to inform their listeners that they are not assured about a particular statement uttered by them. This indicates that they are aware of this doubt and it seems that this aspect of hedges might be related to the theory of mind which is impaired in schizophrenic patients. Also, participants must be able to evaluate the existing conditions and options in the context of the film to properly employ hedges within their narratives, and as patients with schizophrenia have difficulties at pragmatic level, this could affect their usage of both modal expressions and verbs of doubt. Therefore, significant difference between two groups may be linked to the patient’s impairment in theory of mind and the inability to use pragmatic rules.
fereshte mahdavi; Batool Ainezhad; Adel Rafiei
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 111-136
Abstract
This paper investigates compensatory lengthening processes in Persian language based on Stratal Optimality Theory. Method of this survey is descriptive-analytic. Since Optimality Theory can’t analyze intermediate levels of morpho-phonemics processes, the presented study evaluates morpho-phonemics ...
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This paper investigates compensatory lengthening processes in Persian language based on Stratal Optimality Theory. Method of this survey is descriptive-analytic. Since Optimality Theory can’t analyze intermediate levels of morpho-phonemics processes, the presented study evaluates morpho-phonemics analysis in Persian within the framework of Stratal Optimality Theory. Stratal Optimality Theory posits constraint evaluation at three distinct levels or strata: stem, word and phrase level. This multi-level variation of the original OT model may provide more economical and elegant explanations. In this survey, attraction, glottal consonant deletion and compensatory lengthening processes are analyzed within Stratal Optimality Theory and the order of constraints in each level are indicated. Further cross-linguistic and theoretical research into the Stratal OT model is needed to establish its universality and superiority to other models.
Farhad Moezipour
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 137-188
Abstract
This paper is concerned with a formal representation of auxiliation in four auxiliary constructions in Persian. These include the modal ‘bayæd’ construction, the futurate ‘xastæn’ construction, the aspectual ‘daštæn’ construction, and the modal ...
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This paper is concerned with a formal representation of auxiliation in four auxiliary constructions in Persian. These include the modal ‘bayæd’ construction, the futurate ‘xastæn’ construction, the aspectual ‘daštæn’ construction, and the modal ‘tævanestæn’ construction. Coached within a Role and Reference Grammar framework, the study explores the degree of grammaticalization in each construction utilizing three parameters of person/number inflection, tense-sensitivity, and contiguity. Each construction reacts differently with respect to these parameters to the extent that the auxiliary verb in the relevant construction receives a distinctive syntactic treatment in the layered structure of the clause. ‘bayæd’ is taken to be a fully developed operator exclusively projected in the operator projection. ‘xastæn’, together with the lexical of head, forms a complex nucleus demonstrating tense-inflection as well in the operator projection. ‘daštæn’, constituting a non-predicating nucleus, stands in an ad-nuclear subordinate relation to the lexical head in the progressive construction. ‘tævanestæn’ is the only modal verb within this quadripartite division that fails to constitute an auxiliary construction, due to the fact that it predicates a separate argument structure of its own in the spirit of the least amount of semantic bleaching. These all attest to the fact that the syntactic projection of each auxiliary verb in the layered structure of the clause is a reflection of the degree of grammaticalization in the relevant auxiliary construction.
Mohammad Doosty; Aliyeh Kord zafaranloo; Arsalan Golfam; Abbasali Ahangar
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 189-216
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to study phonotactics in Sistani Balo:chi dialect based on Generative Phonology. A data corpus was collected from a number of Sistani Balo:ch speakers. The results show that there are consonant clusters both in onset and coda. These consonant clusters include constraints ...
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The purpose of this research is to study phonotactics in Sistani Balo:chi dialect based on Generative Phonology. A data corpus was collected from a number of Sistani Balo:ch speakers. The results show that there are consonant clusters both in onset and coda. These consonant clusters include constraints in onset and coda. Therefore, consonants which have [-sonorant] feature cannot occur as the second member of the onset in simple and compound words. Also, two consonants with the same place of articulation cannot make cluster in onset. [r] and [w] as the second member of onset and [n] and [r] as the first member of coda are the most frequent consonants respectively. The low and front vowel [a] is the most frequent as the nucleus of syllables which have cluster in onset and coda. Obstruents, nasals and liquids are the most frequent as the second member in coda. Sonority Sequencing Principle is verified in consonant clusters of the onset and the codas which have long vowels of [i, e:, u, o:, ɑ] as the nucleus but SSP may be rejected in consonant clusters of the codas which have short vowels of [a, ɩ, ʊ] as the nucleus.
Parisa Najafi; faride haghbin; Hoda Ardalan
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 217-245
Abstract
Physical injuries caused by the use of various detergents and household cleaners indicate the lack of proper consumer awareness of these products. On the other hand, the most important way for the producer to inform the consumer is to put a "warning" on the product, so it seems that the warnings on the ...
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Physical injuries caused by the use of various detergents and household cleaners indicate the lack of proper consumer awareness of these products. On the other hand, the most important way for the producer to inform the consumer is to put a "warning" on the product, so it seems that the warnings on the products do not have the desired and optimal adequacy, and therefore their scientific study is necessary. In the present study, based on data consisting of 67 types of detergents, household cleaners and disinfectants based on linguistic component, design component and color component, we analyzed the warning labels on the products and analyzed their adequacy. What is understood from the examined data is that the warning labels on the products do not have the desired adequacy, and finally, the authors consider the model of the desired alert label with high adequacy by considering all three of the above components. It should be noted that most of the researches conducted in this ground have been proposed and presented in "forensic linguistics" field.
Pragmatics
ُSeyed Anvar Asadi; Ebrahim Badakhshan; Adel Dastgoshadeh; Zaniar Naghshbandi
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 247-276
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the phenomenon of "naming businesses"in the city of Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. Investigation of this phenomenon in the domain of businesses has been carried out cognitive-sociolinguistically. Content analysis is the method of doing the research, as well as the procedures ...
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The aim of this study is to explore the phenomenon of "naming businesses"in the city of Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. Investigation of this phenomenon in the domain of businesses has been carried out cognitive-sociolinguistically. Content analysis is the method of doing the research, as well as the procedures and instrumentations of data are observational and documental. The population of the study included 3711 shops. The result of the study showed that: For business naming as a non-formal hyper domain the social nominating factors are business holders. It is the cultural and political atmosphere of the society which influences that domain. Most names regarding gender as a variable are selected based on human masculane names. Naming business in Sanandaj in celebrity sub-category has tendency towards contemporary celebrities and also it has tendency toward the local identity. Names derived from nature also belong to the plant subcategory. And conceptualization of choosing names seen in this domain is originated from metaphor of the cultural context and topology of the study area.
Semantics
Belqeis Rovshan; Hamideh Bonyadi
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 277-304
Abstract
Cognitive sociolinguistics is a new attitude in linguistics that has appeared from the interaction of two approaches of social linguistics and cognitive linguistics and its purpose is to study the cognitive socio dimensions in daily use of language. This is a descriptive-analytical study and the purpose ...
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Cognitive sociolinguistics is a new attitude in linguistics that has appeared from the interaction of two approaches of social linguistics and cognitive linguistics and its purpose is to study the cognitive socio dimensions in daily use of language. This is a descriptive-analytical study and the purpose is to analyze the Eightth Persian textbook of Junior Secondary School (Akbari Sheldereh, 1397) based on cognitive sociolinguistics. In this study the unit of analysis was "sentence" and all of the texts were examined. From among the 1200 sentences existing in the book, all sentences (500) containing image schemas were extracted while availing from Johnsons’ 1987 research. From among these (500) sentences, the ones (170 cases) containing social variables were determined and finally the interaction of image schemas and social varriables were analyzed (quantitative and qualitative) and repersented. 320 cases of image schemas and 240 cases of social variables have participated in this interaction.The results indicate that the image schemas of "force", "content", "path" and "process" and the social variables of "religion and religion attitude", "culture" and "solidarity" had the most participation in two approaches of cognitive linguistics and sociolinguistics interaction. Although, the use of more than 500 metaphorical sentences indicates that the authors of this book have paid attention to the growth of youth creativity and abstract thinking; but according to the %34 interaction of metaphorical sentences and social variables, the authors believe that the cognitive sociolinguistics approach is not presented enough. The other finding indicates that the more image schemas than social variables make the complex conceptual structure in the sentence; of course, the opposite is true. Creating a sense of sincerity with the high use of "solidarity" variable, gender discrimination and introducing Iranian-Islamic culture in the metaphorical structures are the other findings of this study.
fazlallah Khodadadi; hamid Taheri
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 305-326
Abstract
We believe that language is a systematic and interconnected set that, while integrated and organized, is constantly evolving and changing. One of the most extensive areas undergoing the evolution of this system is the semantic and structural area. Following these developments in the historical-geographical ...
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We believe that language is a systematic and interconnected set that, while integrated and organized, is constantly evolving and changing. One of the most extensive areas undergoing the evolution of this system is the semantic and structural area. Following these developments in the historical-geographical study of the words of Bayhaqi history in the East Khorasan Razavi region (Taybad), we have reached the point that although nearly a thousand years have passed since the writing of this work, today it still has words in the local dialect of the people of this region. They can have evolved in three ways: either they are used in the same way used in the history of Beyhaqi (in pronunciation and meaning), or they have undergone semantic changes along with phonetic changes, or they have changed completely semantically despite maintaining their appearance. This article examines the semantic-structural evolution of some of these words in the dialect of East Khorasan Razavi (Taybad) by field method and relying on library resources while paying attention to the study of the evolution of meaning in language. The results of the present study show that the metamorphosis of semantic-structural changes in the words of the history of Beyhaqi in the dialect of East Khorasan Razavi has been more than the type of internal transformation and due to the similarity of the words.
Discourse analysis
Maryam Sadat Hejazi; Sayyedeh Rozatian; Zohreh Najafi
Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2021, Pages 327-354
Abstract
Rhetorical structure theory is a scientific approach that has emerged in the field of linguistic-computational.It also seeks to use the most appropriate way to deliver a message by advertising agents of goods/services, and in addition to providing techniques to strengthen business texts in discovering ...
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Rhetorical structure theory is a scientific approach that has emerged in the field of linguistic-computational.It also seeks to use the most appropriate way to deliver a message by advertising agents of goods/services, and in addition to providing techniques to strengthen business texts in discovering hidden relationships in commercial. The present study aims to study the content of268 sample context of commercials in eight topics, during one year of Green Family Magazine, Success and Iran Newspaper .we study the relations between the text components of commercials in the context of rhetorical structure theory and what effect it and drawing tree diagrams. The results of this study the contextof commercials studied by the research, relations such as “elaboration”,“joint”,“background”,“enablement”,“solutionhood”, and “evidence”.“Elaboration” has the most frequency Percentage. Then “enablement” has the greatest share. Subsequent relationships depend on the subject of commercials. By using “Elaboration”, “enablement”, and “evidence” relations, the author aims to engage the reader with the nucleus content, using the complementary section which is satellite.
