The Effect of Multisensory and Multimodal Education on Students’ Willingness for ‎Academic Writing

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD Candidate of Persian Language and Literature, Department of Persian Language and ‎Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, ‎Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Persian Language Education, Department of Persian Language and ‎Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, ‎Iran.

3 Professor of English Education, Department of English, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, ‎Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Gulf College, Muscat, Oman.

4 Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Department of Persian Language and ‎Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, ‎Iran.

Abstract

Academic writing is widely recognized as an effective approach to transferring knowledge and information in academia. However, writing skills have been largely ignored in educational institutions, such as schools and universities. Since writing is a complex skill, student show less interest in developing it. Acknowledging the importance of sensory engagement in teaching writing skills, this quasi-experimental study explores the impact of multisensory and multimodal education on students’ willingness for academic writing. In doing so, 300 undergraduate students from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were selected through convenience sampling. They participated in seven training sessions, divided into three groups: 1) multisensory education; 2) multimodal education; and 3) traditional education. Their willingness for academic writing was assessed through a questionnaire and a descriptive writing task in both pre-test and post-test evaluations. The findings revealed that students who received multisensory instruction showed a significantly greater willingness to write. Additionally, female students in the multimodal instruction group exhibited a higher willingness to write compared to male students in the other two groups. These results suggest that multisensory teaching methods, in contrast to traditional approaches, enhance social interaction and group support. Moreover, increased engagement with the environment fosters greater self-efficacy in writing.

Keywords

Main Subjects


 منابع
ابراهیمی، ش.، و جهانی، ز. (1403). بررسی کیفیت انگیزش حسی معلمان مقطع متوسطه با در نظر گرفتن دو متغیر جنسیت و سن. پنجمین کنفرانس بین‌المللی علوم تربیتی، روانشناسی، مشاوره، آموزش‌وپرورش، ونکوور، کانادا. https://civilica.com/doc/2046855/
ایمانی، م.، و پیشقدم، ر.، و ابراهیمـی، ش. (1401). «بررسـی ترجیحـات نـوازه گیـری ادبـی و غیرادبـی دانشجویان از منظر جنسیت». زن در فرهنگ و هنر. دورۀ 14. شمارۀ 4. صص.562-627
https://doi.org/10.22059/jwica.2022.341069.1772
پیش‌قدم، ر.، ابراهیمی، ش.، و جهانی، ز. (1402). بررسی ترجیحات زبانی دانشجویان: مطالعۀ مورد سبک‌های عالی، حسی هیجانی و ساده. زبان پژوهی، 15(47)، 9-37. https://doi.org/10.22051/jlr.2021.36241.2041
پیش‌قدم، ر.، ابراهیمی، ش. (1397). نسبیت حسّی و تأثیر آن بر مهارت نوشتاری. جستارهای زبانی، 9(6)، 213-240. http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-18748-fa.html
پیش­قدم، ر.، و ابراهیمی، ش. (1402). معرفی آموزش­های مبتنی بر چینش ذهنی و چینش مغزی. مطالعات زبان و ترجمه، 56 (4)، 71- 95. 10.22067/lts.2023.81778.1183
پیش­قدم، ر.، ابراهیمی، ش.، و العبدوانی، ت. (۱۴۰۲). طراحی و هنجاریابی پرسشنامه انرژی معلم: گامی به سوی فرادلی. مطالعات زبان و ترجمه، ۵۶ (۱)، ۱-۳۸. https://civilica.com/doc/1580612/
حسن‌نیاه، ع.، نجفی، م.، رضایی، ع. (1395). مقایسه اثربخشی روش آموزش چندحسی فرنالد و کاربرد تدابیر یادیارها در بهبود مشکلات دیکته نویسی دانش آموزان پایه سوم ابتدایی دارای اختلال دیکته. فناوری آموزش و یادگیری، 2(8)، 105-127. https://doi.org/10.22054/jti.2019.1734.1043
حق‌طلب، ط.، و یزدانی، ف.، و آقایی، ا. (1394). مقایسه اثربخشی شیوه‌های آموزشی چندحسی اورتون و فرنالد بر بهبود اختلال نوشتن دانش آموزان نارسانویس شهر ملایر. راهبردهای شناختی در یادگیری، 3(4)، 85-71. https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1101731
شریعت‌پناه، ز.، ابراهیمی، ش.، پیش­قدم، ر.، و مهدوی، م، ج. (1403). طراحی و اعتباریابی پرسشنامۀ تمایل به نگارش دانشگاهی و بررسی میزان رضایت‌مندی دانشجویان مقطع کارشناسی از روش تدریس مهارت نگارش دانشگاهی. هشتمین همایش بین‌المللی مطالعات زبان و ادبیات تاریخ و تمدن در جهان اسلام.
صفارمقدم، ا.، و احمدی، ح. (1394). رویکردهای عمده در آموزش خواندن و نقش آن‌ها در آموزش نوین زبان فارسی. زبانشناسی و گویش‌های خراسان، 7(13)، 88-61. https://doi.org/10.22067/lj.v7i13.53333
طباطبایی فارانی، س.، و پیش قدم، ر. (1400). بررسی هیجان در آموزش مبتنی بر حواس: تکلیف شناختی درک جمله، جستارهای زبانی، 12(4)، 32-73. http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-۱۴-۳۳۲۷۸-fa.html
فتوحی، م.، و عباسی، ح. (۱۴۰۱). فارسی عمومی: درسنامه دانشگاهی. نشر سخن.
نصر، ا، جمالی زواره، ب، نیلی، م و آرمند، م. (1391). تبیـین معیارهـای نگارشـی و سـاختاری تـألیف و تـدوین کتاب‌های درسـی دانـشگاهی رشـته‎هـای علـوم تربیتـی، مـشاوره و روانشناسی. نامۀ آموزش عالی، 5(18)، 45-66. https://journal.sanjesh.org/article_15124.html?lang=f.
هادی‌زاده، م. ج.، مهدوی، م. ج.، صحرایی، ر.، و علیزاده، ع. (1398). مقایسۀ سه نوع تکلیف در روش تکلیف‌محور و تأثیر آن در آموزش دستور زبان فارسی به غیر فارسی زبانان (انشای کوتاه، بازنویسی متن و بررسی اختلاف تصاویر). زبانشناسی و گویش‌های خراسان، 11(2)، 1-24. https://doi.org/10.22067/jlkd.2019.29133
References
Aja, S. N. (2017). Using multi-sensory instruction in managing classroom for effective teaching and learning. International Journal Applied Engineering Research, 12, 15112-15118. https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer17/ijaerv12n24_163.pdf
Al-abais, N. (2017). The role of cooperative learning in Iraqi secondary school EFL learners' willingness to write and their writing achievement (Unpublished master thesis), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. https://pooya.um.ac.ir/library/ThesisViewer.php?q=63630&Place=ThesisBorrowingPooya
Alexander, P. (1997). Mapping the multidimensional nature of domain learning: The interplay of cognitive, motivational, and strategic forces. In M. Maehr & P. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in motivational achievement (Vol. 10, pp. 213–250). JAI Press.
Arriaga Ricardez, F. (2024). Teaching students with specific learning difficulties using the multisensory approach (Unpolished master thesis). Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2024041819365.
Baines, L. (2008). A teachers’ guide to learning multisensory improving literacy by engaging the senses. Association for supervision and curriculum development (ASCD).
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-98423-000
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-08589-000
Borek, J. A., & Thompson, S. M. (2003). Multisensory learning in inclusive classrooms. Academic Exchange Quarterly, 7(3), 244-249.
Carmona, M., Santos-Roig, M., Mata, S., & Serrano, F. (2025). Effectiveness of a comprehensive game-based intervention for writing skills. Reading and Writing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-025-10636-w
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224927532
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer Science & Business Media. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
Dugartsyrenova, V. A. (2020). Supporting genre instruction with an online academic writing tutor: Insights from novice L2 writers. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 44, 100830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2019.100830
Ebrahimi, S., Tabatabaeian, M. S., & Al Abdwani, T. (2022). Enhancing the communicative skills of normal‎ and mentally-challenged learners through‎ emo-sensory textbooks‎. Journal of Business, Communication & Technology, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.56632/bct.2022.1201
Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 109-132. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135153
Evans, J. S. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685
Fernald, G. (1943). Remedial techniques in basic schoolsubjects. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.18063
Fleming, N. D., & Mills, C. (1992). Not another inventory, rather a catalyst for reflection. To Improve the Academy, 11(1), 137-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-4822.1992.tb00213.x
Flower, L. & Hayes, J. R. (1981) A Cognitive process theory of writing. College Composition and Communication, 32, 365-387. https://doi.org/10.2307/356600
Gazioğlu, M., & Karakuş, N. (2023). The impact of multisensory learning model-based tale-telling on listening skills and student opinions about it. Frontiers in Education, 8, Article 1137042. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1137042
Graham, S. (2006). Writing. In P. A. Alexander & P. H. Winne (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 457–478). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007). Writing next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescents in middle and high schools. Alliance for Excellent Education. https://media.carnegie.org/filer_public/3c/f5/3cf58727-34f4-4140-a014-723a00ac56f7/ccny_report_2007_writing.pdf
Graham, S., Harris, K. R., & Chambers, A. B. (2016). Evidence-based practice and writing instruction: A review of reviews, Handbook of writing research, The Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-51875-014
Graham. S. (2019). Changing how writing is taught. Sage Journals, 1(43), 227-303. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X18821125
Hakim Azar, M. (2016). Deviation from the curriculum in the compilation of the general Persian textbook: A case study of the rituals of academic writing in selected books. Literary Criticism and Stylistics Studies, 26 (3), 69-83 http://noo.rs/FkrGm [In Persian].
Holmes, K., Moore, J., & Holmes, S. (2023). A sensory approach to STEAM teaching and learning. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290889
Hyland, K. (2016). Teaching and Researching Writing (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315717203
Hyland, K., & Hyland, F. (2006). Feedback on second language students’ writing. Language Teaching, 39(2), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444806003399
IELTS. (2020). IELTS Home of the English Language Test. (Online) Avalable at: Https://WWW.ielts.org/(Accessed 29 November 2020.
Izawa, Y., Fujimori, Ch., Godfrey, Ch., & Oida, Y. (2017). Relationships among self-efficacy, willingness, and writing performance in an academic writing program, For a, 1, 12-22 http://fora.jp/fora01/Izawa_2017_12-22.pdf
Jafarikamangar, H., & Ahmadipoor anari, Z. (2021). Improvement of Creativity in production of Prose Poetry with Using New Educational Approaches. Journal of Research in Teaching, 9(3), 173-179https://doi.org/10.30465/crtls.2021.32176.1940 [In Persian].
Katai, Z., & Toth, L. (2010). Technologically and artistically enhanced multi-sensory computer-programming education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(2), 244-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.04.012
Kellogg, R. T. (1996). A model of working memory in writing. Writing and Cognition, 35(1), 57-71.
Kellogg, R. T. (2008). Training writing skills: A cognitive developmental perspective. Journal of Writing Research, 1(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.17239/jowr-2008.01.01.1
Klašnja-Milićević, A., Marošan, Z., Ivanović, M., Savić, N., & Vesin, B. (2019). The future of learning multisensory experiences: Visual, audio, smell and taste senses. Nature, 1(9), 1–9.
Kucirkova, N., & Kamola, M. (2022). Children's stories and multisensory engagement: Insights from a cultural probes study. International Journal of Educational Research, 114, Article 101983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101983
Lombard, A. (2007). Sensory intelligence. Metz Press.
MacIntyre, P. D. (2007). Willingness to communicate in the second language: Understanding the decision to speak as a volitional process. The Modern Language Journal, 91(5), 564–576. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4626086
MacIntyre, P. D., Babin, P. A., & Clément, R. (1999). Willingness to communicate: Antecedents and consequences. Communication Quarterly, 47, 215–229.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379909370135
MacIntyre, P. D., Dörnyei, Z., Clément, R., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to L2: Communicate in confidence model situational. The Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1998.tb05543.x
Madeng, M., & Palanukulwong, T. (2019). Low proficiency students’ attitudes toward English writing, dialogue journal writing and their willingness to write in English. Academic Services Journal Prince of Songkla University, 30(3), 110–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14456/asj-psu.2019.50
Makiabadi, H., Pishghadam, R., Naji Meidani, E., & Khajavy, Gh. H. (2019). Examining the role of emotioncy in willingness to communicate: A structural equation modeling approach. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 24(2), 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2019.03.003
Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multimedia learning (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-01858-000
McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1991). Willingness to communicate: A cognitive view. In M. Booth-Butterfield (Ed.), Communication, cognition, and anxiety (pp. 19-37). Sage. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Willingness-to-Communicate-%3A-A-Cognitive-View-Mccroskey/bc66c343e8c05b35a729d5f409758f68018dabdd
Medina, J. (2014). Brain rules (updated and expanded): 12 principles for surviving and thriving at work, home, and school. New York Times Bestseller. https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/2088/2014/01/BrainRules-JohnMedina-MediaKit.pdf
Moosavi, N., Mall-Amiri, B., & Marashi, H. (2024). Exploring the effect of input contextualization and multisensory teaching on narrative writing development of EFL learners with diverse learning styles. Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 13(2),16-34. http://noo.rs/brvzy
Morgan, K. (2019). Multisensory teaching: Crossing into a new discipline [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Southern Mississippi]. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1670
Ó Siochrú, C. (2018). Psychology and the study of education: Critical perspective on developing theories. Routledge
Pajares, F., & Johnson, M. J. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs and the writing performance of entering middle school students. Psychology in the Schools, 33(2), 163-175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40171749
Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18(4), 315-341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9
Piaget, J. (1970). Science of education and the psychology of the child. Viking Press. https://archive.org/details/scienceofeducati00piag
Pishghadam, R. (2016). Emotioncy, extroversion, and anxiety in willingness to communicate in English. In Paper presented at the 5th international conference on language, education, and innovation. Kuala Lumpur, Malasia. https://icsai.org/procarch/london2016/5iclei-4.pdf
Pishghadam, R., Adamson, B., & Shayesteh, S. (2013). Emotion-based language instruction (EBLI) as a new perspective in bilingual education. Multilingual Education, 3(9), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-5059-3-9
Pishghadam, R., Ebrahimi, S., Rajabi Esterabadi, A., & Parsae, A. (2023). Emotions and success in education: From apathy to transpathy. Emotions and Success in Education, 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.22034/cee.2023.172495
Ponticorvo, M., Di Fuccio, R., Ferrara, F., & Rega, A. (2019). Multisensory educational materials: Five senses to learn, methodologist and intelligent system for technology enhanced learning. 8th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Applications (INTELLI), 27–33.10.1007/978-3-319-98872-6_6
Rafiee, M., & Abbasian-Naghneh, S. (2020). Willingness to write (WTW): Development of a model in EFL writing classrooms. Cogent Education, 7(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2020.1847710
Razzaq, S., & Hamzah, M. H. (2024). Unraveling the impact of metacognitive planning on writing performance through willingness to write in Pakistani ESL learners: A mixed-methods study. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences, 46(2), 213–228.
Rouby, C., Fournel, Fournel, A., & Bensafi, M. (2016). The role of the senses in emotion. Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100508-8.00003-5
Shayesteh, Sh., Pishghadam, R., & Moghimi, S. (2019). Extending the boundaries of multisensory teaching: An introduction to the dual-continuum model of sensorial education. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 4(4),64-82.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344264103_Extending_the_boundaries_of_multisensory_teaching_An_introduction_to_the_dual-continuum_model_of_sensorial_education
Siregar, F. L., Maryani, & Limuria, R. (2016). An investigation of international students’ willingness to communicate in indonesian at private university of West Java. National University of Singapore. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v12i4.4910
Supeno, S., & Yohanna, L. (2024). Willingness to write among EFL university students: A case of a virtual writing course in Indonesia, Taiwan Journal of TESOL, 21(1), 37-78. https://doi.org/10.30397/TJTESOL.202404_21(1).0002
Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem-solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257-285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4
Sweller, J. (2011). Cognitive load theory. Springer.
Tabatabaee Farani, S., & Pishghadam, R. (2021) Examining emotion in sense-based teaching: A cognitive task of sentence comprehension. Language Related Research, 12(4), 73-104. http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-33278-fa.html
Telaumbanua, K. M. (2024). The descriptive analysis of students’ ability in writing descriptive text at the eighth grade of SMP Negeri 3 Sirombu in 2021/2022. Journal on Education, 6(4), 18138–18146
Ulman, J. B. (2001). Structural equation modeling. In B. G. Tabachnizk & L.S. Fidell (Eds.), Using multivariate statistics (pp. 653-771). Allyn & Bacon. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=854707
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjf9vz4
Widdowson, H.G. (1996). Teaching language as communication. Oxford University Press.
Williams, M., & Burden, R. L. (1997). Psychology for language teachers: A social constructivist approach. ERIC. https://assets.cambridge.org/97805214/98807/frontmatter/9780521498807_frontmatter.pdf
Woodrow, L. (2011). College English writing affect: Self-efficacy and anxiety. System, 39(4), 510‑522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.10.017
Xin, J., Zhang, Y., Tang, Y., & Yang, Y. (2019). Brain differences between men and women: evidence from deep learning. Front. Neurosci.13 (158), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00185
Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. Modern Language Journal, 86(1), 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00136
Zarrinabadi, N., & Tanbakooei, N. (2016). Willingness to communicate: Rise, development, and some future directions. Language and Linguistics Compass, 10(1), 30-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12176
 
 
CAPTCHA Image