Linguistic typology
Vali Rezai; Tahereh Samenian
Volume 15, Issue 3 , December 2023
Abstract
Lexical typology is related to the specific ways in which languages incorporate meaning into words. In this way, lexical typology, which deals with words, can be considered a sub-branch of semantic typology. Recently, studies in cognitive linguistics have shown how body parts act as a source for conceptualizing ...
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Lexical typology is related to the specific ways in which languages incorporate meaning into words. In this way, lexical typology, which deals with words, can be considered a sub-branch of semantic typology. Recently, studies in cognitive linguistics have shown how body parts act as a source for conceptualizing different experiences such as feeling, thinking, etc., and are represented in different ways in different cultures. Using words that refer to body parts can help us express our feelings more accurately. In this research, we tried to take a look at the lexical typological patterns of the role of bodies names in the expression of emotions of Persian speakers. This research may be considered the first typological collection of the figurative role of bodies names in describing emotions. This comparative-analytical research is based on the studies of linguists in this field. For this purpose, nearly 50 sentences of linguistic evidence were extracted from Persian language database and some written sources and were categorized based on the concept of nouns in expressing emotions. In this research, it was tried to examine the samples based on their role in expressing emotions. The analysis of data has been done on the patterns which were proposed by Ponsonnet, M. & Laginha. K. J. (2020) and the most prevalent bodies names. Moreover, the findings indicate that the words "heart", "eye" and "liver" are used more than other words in Persian language to express feelings; Of course, in order to make an accurate assessment of this opinion, extensive research is needed, combining a culture-specific and cross-cultural approach.
Linguistic typology
Vali Rezai; Najmeh Khedri
Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, , Pages 101-125
Abstract
Adverbs are among those complicated subject's different aspects of which have been investigated throughout history. However, linguists have not reached an agreement on the diverse issues related to adverbs, from its definition to the fact that whether it should be considered as a lexical category in ...
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Adverbs are among those complicated subject's different aspects of which have been investigated throughout history. However, linguists have not reached an agreement on the diverse issues related to adverbs, from its definition to the fact that whether it should be considered as a lexical category in addition to nouns, adjectives and verbs. This research is aimed at determining the place of Persian adverbs regarding their prototypical characteristics as one of the parts of speech in the Croft’s semantic map of parts of speech based on the typological prototype theory. Hence, according to the typological criteria, a number of adverbs used in everyday speech of standard Persian speakers gathered from the national media as well as adverbs used in various contemporary Persian texts were analyzed. On the basis of the research results, considering the adverb as a lexical category, the place of the unmarked adverbs, defined functionally and considered unmarked typologically, in the Persian language was determined in the Croft’s semantic map of parts of speech in the lexical class of property the same as the unmarked adjectives, and it was shown that despite of the unmarked adjectives denoting the propositional act of modification within reference, the unmarked adverbs describe the propositional act of modification within predication. Moreover, the places of PPs on verbs and converbs, both of them as marked adverbs, were determined as words of object showing the propositional act of modification within predication and words of action showing the propositional act of modification within predication, respectively, in the Croft’s semantic map of parts of speech.
Linguistic typology
Zahra golzadeh geravi; Zahra Babasalari; Saeed Yazdani; Mohammad Hossein Sharafzadeh
Volume 14, Issue 1 , April 2022, , Pages 69-104
Abstract
This study deals with the semantic nature of the motor actions of Mazandaran language by emphasizing the dominant pattern for distributing information related to the way and movement, how to represent multiple information of the path and multiple information of the method. Since almost all researches ...
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This study deals with the semantic nature of the motor actions of Mazandaran language by emphasizing the dominant pattern for distributing information related to the way and movement, how to represent multiple information of the path and multiple information of the method. Since almost all researches on the semantics of motor actions of Iranian languages and dialects have been done about Persian language based on the cognitive approach and patterns of Talmudic lexicography (1985 and 2000b), the present study can It should be a step towards filling this gap in the field of other Iranian languages and dialects and a starting point in this regard. The approach of this study to the motor verbs of Mazandaran language, especially non-simple verbs in line with the view of Azkia et al. (2015) about simple motor verbs in Persian language has been formed within the framework of lexical patterns. In the present study, simple and uncomplicated lexical verbs are placed in a group as opposed to functional simple verbs. The 140 body verbs of this study include 39 simple verbs, 57 simple verbal verbs and 44 simple functional verbs. The main question of this research is what is the dominant pattern for distributing information about the method, path and movement in Mazandaran language? As a result of this research, it can be pointed out that in the Mazandaran language, it is not possible to determine a dominant pattern for the distribution of information related to method, route and movement. Motor verbs translate this information almost equally. According to this study, out of 140 motor verbs in Mazandaran, 96 verbs (68.57% of the total verbs) have been lexical and 44 verbs (31.43% of the total verbs) are functional
Linguistic typology
Roohollah Mofidi
Volume 14, Issue 1 , April 2022, , Pages 105-133
Abstract
In a diachronic perspective, the article investigates and compares the changes in Arabic and Persian word order, agreement, and case-marking, as the devices of differentiating subject and object. In fact, the main problem of this investigation was to discuss and follow the changes which have happened ...
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In a diachronic perspective, the article investigates and compares the changes in Arabic and Persian word order, agreement, and case-marking, as the devices of differentiating subject and object. In fact, the main problem of this investigation was to discuss and follow the changes which have happened in the ways of distinguishing between the subject and object in the history of the two languages. In Arabic, the Classical variety has been compared to two of its today’s varieties, and in Persian, the changes have been followed from the Old period to this day. Persian and Classical Arabic data have been extracted from written sources, and the fieldwork part of the investigation consists of gathering data from the Arabic of Khuzestan and Lebanon via interviews with six speakers (three from each variety) by means of questionnaire and picture-description. Data-analysis shows that Arabic has lost its cases and extended its agreement system, and now it relies more on word order. Persian, on the other hand, has lost its case and agreement devices, reconstructing both later, with no changes in word order at the clausal level. Furthermore, no evidence for influences of Arabic and Persian on each other in these fields was found in this investigation, and it seems that all these changes have been language-internal, or at least, the two languages did not have effects on each other with this regard.
Linguistic typology
Faezeh Salimi; Vali Rezai; Mohammad Amouzadeh
Volume 14, Issue 1 , April 2022, , Pages 135-157
Abstract
Object omission construction is a valency-reduction process in which a transitive verb appears without its object and is used as an intransitive one. However, the addressee is able to understand the meaning of the objectless sentence. The considered type of object omission in this paper is context-independent, ...
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Object omission construction is a valency-reduction process in which a transitive verb appears without its object and is used as an intransitive one. However, the addressee is able to understand the meaning of the objectless sentence. The considered type of object omission in this paper is context-independent, in which the reference of the omitted object is not mentioned in previous context and the context does not provide any clue to recover the deleted object. Among different factors which can affect object omission, in this research we attempt to determine the nature of the deleted object based on some important typological hierarchies such as animacy, referentiality, definiteness and number which can be used to determine the tendency of language in choosing the prototypical object in the sentence. It seems that an object is omissible when it has different features compared to the present object in the sentence. The findings prove this claim and reveal that the reference of the omitted object is located in the lower levels of the aforementioned typological hierarchies. Moreover, the findings indicate that an element such as 'number' which makes no difference in morpho-syntactic presentation of the direct object in the sentence has no effect on the possibility of object omission.
Linguistic typology
rezvan barani shik robati; shahpour shaholi koheshory; seyed ali sohrab nejad
Volume 14, Issue 1 , April 2022, , Pages 159-181
Abstract
Poets innovate in fixed and repetitive images by using a variety of linguistic methods, distancing their language from vulgarity. In formalist critique, linguistic and semantic aberrations are among the main methods of literati to turn words away from vulgarity and common linguistic habits and are thematic ...
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Poets innovate in fixed and repetitive images by using a variety of linguistic methods, distancing their language from vulgarity. In formalist critique, linguistic and semantic aberrations are among the main methods of literati to turn words away from vulgarity and common linguistic habits and are thematic tricks. In his works, especially Layla & Majnun, Amir Khosrow Dehlavi has prevented verbal vulgarity with purposeful and conscious aberrations and has created an innovative poem with new themes. Thus, this descriptive-analytical paper investigated the main differentiating techniques of Amir Khosrow to escape from the rules and conventional relations of everyday language in the Layla & Majnun. The research results show that the main manifestations of abnormality in this work are: "simile", "metaphor", "personification" and "irony". With the help of simile, the poet, by creating a conscious instability in the meaning of the signs, has increased the dynamics of linguistic signs in his poems and has drawn his own independent literary policy towards Nezami Ganjavi. Also, through the use of metaphor and personification, referential and explicit meanings of words have been discredited and new literary meanings have been replaced. In addition, Amir Khosrow has often used the irony which has been effective in reducing literary creativity and the role of the audience in reading the text and his position in the process of discovering abnormal relationships.
Linguistic typology
Hamed Mowlaei
Volume 13, Issue 1 , December 2021, , Pages 113-140
Abstract
Resumptive pronouns (henceforth RP) can be used in the relative structure of some languages. RP, in this respect, refers to a personal pronoun co-indexed with the head of relative structure, used in the subordinate clause. In this paper, I try to investigate the typological features of Persian RP in ...
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Resumptive pronouns (henceforth RP) can be used in the relative structure of some languages. RP, in this respect, refers to a personal pronoun co-indexed with the head of relative structure, used in the subordinate clause. In this paper, I try to investigate the typological features of Persian RP in headed relative clauses based on some universals. The first goal of this paper is determining the process of making RP in Persian headed relative clauses. As there are three universal approaches in this term, including base-generation, movement and processing based. As the second goal, I want to review the results of Keenan & Comeri (1977) for Persian pronoun retention strategy. The results show that, for the first goal, Persian RP base-generated in its original position within the relative clause. (a) Using complementizer (ke) at the beginning of every headed relative clause, (b) having strong island structure in relative clause, and (c) the same reading of the of relative clause in both gap and pronoun retention strategies, are three main reasons for considering Persian as a language with base-generated RP procedure. Findings of the second goal indicate that Keenan & Comeri’s Accessibility hierarchy for pronoun retention of Persian can be modified in two aspects. While Keenan & Comeri (1977) claimed Persian necessarily uses only gap strategy in subject position of relative clause, this paper presents some relative clauses which use pronoun retention strategy (optionally and obligatory) in this position. Furthermore, according to Keenan & Comeri (1977) using pronoun retention strategy in complement position of Persian is obligatory. But some evidences, presented here, show that in some object-complement & complement-complement relative clauses which use special category of verbs, pronoun retention strategy is optional.
