نوع مقاله : علمی - پژ‍وهشی

نویسندگان

• رضا حیدری زادی ¹
• سید محمد حسینی معصوم ²
• آرزو نجفیان ²
• بلقیس روشن ¹

¹ پیام نور

² گروه زبانشناسی و زبانهای خارجی دانشگاه پیام نور

چکیده

فعل‌های مرکب در زبان فارسی از زایایی بالایی برخوردارند. این فعل ها، از یک طرف ساختاری ترکیبی و نحو بنیاد دارند، اما از طرف دیگر، عملکرد آن‌ها در نحو یکپارچه و به صورت یک هستة واژگانی منسجم است و هم چنین درونداد فرایندهای ساختواژی قرار می گیرند. در این پژوهش، فرض بر این است که فعل‌های مرکب عمل کرد دوگانه صرفی-نحوی دارند. هدف پژوهش حاضر این است که نشان دهد فعل‌های مرکب ساخته شده با فعل سبک "کرد" در زبان فارسی دارای ساخت اشتقاقی فازگونه هستند. داده های تحقیق، نمونه هایی از فعل های مرکب هستند که از فرهنگ دو جلدی سخن استخراج شده اند. مبنای نظری این تحقیق با روش های اشتقاقی مطرح شده در آثار چامسکی (2000؛ 2001؛ 2008) ، مرنتز (2001؛ 2007) هم سویی دارد، هرچند از بعضی مفاهیم نظری در نظریه های ساختواژی همچون لیبر (1980) هم استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می دهند که فعل های مرکب دارای اشتقاقی فازگونه اند. در زبان فارسی، ریشه فعل و جزء غیرفعلی در دامنة یک فاز ساختواژی ادغام می شوند سپس آن ریشه ها برای رفع نیازهای اشتقاقی یا محاسباتی به پوستة آن فاز ساختواژی حرکت می کنند که در آن جایگاه تحت تأثیر عملیات های نحوی می توانند به جایگاه های نحوی حرکت کنند و گسترش یابند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• ساختواژه
• فعل مرکب
• کمینگی
• اشتقاق
• فاز

عنوان مقاله [English]

Phase Derivation of a Class of Persian Compound Predicates

نویسندگان [English]

• reza Heidarizadi ¹
• Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum ²
• Arezoo Najafian ²
• Belqeis Roshan ¹

¹ Payame Noor University

² Payame Noor University

چکیده [English]

1. Introduction
Persian compound verbs have been the topic of much research and have been investigated on the basis of various approaches. A clear fact about complex predicates is that they are constructions formed by more than one lexeme. The light verb in a complex predicate is the head and the other segments are considered as nonverbal. This paper tries to describe how complex predicates formed by the light verb "Kard-an = to do" are derived. On the one hand, complex predicates are regarded as lexical units as they are input to morphological rules; on the other hand, they have been supposed to be syntactic because they can split in syntax like independent lexical items. This paper describes morphological derivation of Persian complex predicates and their syntactic separability on the basis of Phase Derivation Theory which has recently gained much attention in the minimalist tradition. The data were extracted out from Sokhan Dictionary and the online version of the Persian Linguistic Database. Tree diagrams are usually used in this theory to show the details of the structural derivations. Phase derivation theory (Chomsky, 2000, 2001, 2008) is the newest version of the generative grammar. Marantz (2001, 2007), Di Sciullo (2003) referred to the morphological phases inside word structure and explained how derivation is performed morphologically. Megerdoomian (2002) following Marantz (1997) and Chomsky (2000) claimed that there is a phase head in Persian complex predicates. In studies by Vahedi-Langrudi (1996), Karimi (1997), Megerdoomian (2002), Folli, Harley, and Karimi (2005), and Pantcheva (2008), Persian complex predicates are syntactic unites as output of the syntactic operations. Karimi Doostan (1997) regarded complex predicates as morphosyntactic units.
2. Methodology
This paper deals with two theoretical problems: first, how is the complex predicate derived, which leads to the interaction of morphology and syntax; second, why does the interaction between morphology and syntax take place during the derivation of complex predicates. In this paper, complex predicates are the output of the derivational operations in morphology that are in turn the input of the syntactic operations, so the interaction between morphology and syntax emerges. The derivation method suggested here is that roots and categories are merged first. Roots are bare and have no category and inflection. Then, a phase head is merged which carries inflectional or functional information. Phase head in complex predicates is a light verb head (v) which is merged after the merge of all the roots. The sister of the phase head is called the phase domain. This domain is impenetrable. By phase impenetrability condition, phase domain is transmitted to the interface levels and remains out of the access of syntactic operations; while, phase head plus Spec-phase is at the phase edge which is accessible to the syntactic operations. Before the spell-out, every segment should satisfy its computational needs.
3. Results and Discussion:
In Persian grammar, verb roots represent out as a tensed stem. In other words, verb root is [u-tense] which should be checked during the derivation. It is possible for a phase head to have [tense] feature (Chomsky, 2008; 2013); so, it is assumed that phase head (v) carries feature [tense]. Before spelling out, the verb root "Kon = do" in the phase domain is adjoined to (v) to check [u-tense]. By default, in Persian the nonverbal segment is represented before the verb head. Based on the correspondence axiom principle (Chomsky, 1995) the linear order is dependent on the c-command in the derivation; that is, the nonverbal element is located at the phase edge and c-commands the light verb. The nonverbal element moves in order to omit [EPP] feature of the phase head and to remain in a common derivational domain near the light verb, so that they spell out in a common step of the derivation and hence, the interpretation of the complex predicate is performed in a common minimal domain. Therefore, the verb root adjoined to the phase head (v) operates as a light verb head, and the nonverbal is adjoined to the phase edge, which is accessible to syntactic operations and can split in syntax. In some cases, a lexical root which moves to the phase edge is adjoined to an affix head. According to Lieber's (1980) morphological theory, every affix has a subcategorization frame containing the category information and the selectional restrictions. When a lexical root moves to edge of the morphological phase; if adjoined to an affix, it is inserted into the subcategorization frame.
4. Conclusion
It is concluded that the complex predicates are derived by a morphological phase. The domain of the phase remains out of access to syntactic operations. But the nonverbal element in the phase edge is accessible to the syntactic operations and becomes separable in syntax. Then, the complex predicates are derived by a phase the edge of which can split in syntax and remain separable during the syntactic derivation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• morphology
• Persian compound verb
• Minimalism
• derivation
• Phase