Journal of Linguistics and Khorasan Dialects

Journal of Linguistics and Khorasan Dialects

A Cognitive Approach to the Concept of “Knowing” in the Mashhadi Dialect in Comparison with Several Languages

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Professor of Linguistics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Ph.D. in Cognitive Science-Linguistics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Abstract
This research seeks to examine the conceptualization of “knowing” in the Mashhadi dialect. To achieve this goal, it will first provide an introduction to the concept of knowing. This introduction includes the philosophical (including empiricism, rationalism, pragmatism, and postmodernism) and cognitive concepts of knowing. It explains that in cognitive sciences, “knowing” is often conceptualized as a mental process involving the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of information. Then, it discusses the role of conceptual metaphors in understanding this concept in various languages. In the next stage, it seeks to see how the mechanism of understanding this verb is among Mashhadi speakers. The findings indicate that in Mashhadi dialect, this concept appears in two forms of “knowing” and “remembering” for languages, skills, addresses, and practical knowledge, and understanding the verb “remembering” results from the process of objectification. The results can be useful for cognitive linguistics researchers and dialectologists.
Keywords
Subjects

Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

کتابنامه
ابن فندق، ا. ع ز. (1402). تاریخ بیهق. به اهتمام عبدالکریم جربزه‌دار. تهران: نشر اساطیر.
اشمیت، ر. (1382)، ترجمۀ حسن رضایی. راهنمای زبان‌های ایرانی. تهران: نشر ققنوس.
بیهقی، ا. (1400). تاریخ بیهقی. به تصحیح خطیب رهبر. تهران: نشر مهتاب.
دبیرمقدم، م. (1392). زبانشناسی نظری: پیدایش و تکوین دستور زایشی. تهران: انتشارات سمت.
دﻫﺨﺪا، ع. (1385). فرهنگ متوسط دهخدا. تهران: موسسۀ انتشارات و چاپ دانشگاه تهران.
سالنامۀ آمار. (1401). تهران: سازمان برنامه و بودجۀ کشور.
شهریاری راد، پ. (1395). بررسی گونۀ مشهدی فارسی. تهران: نشر کتابدار.
کلباسی، ا. (1388). فرهنگ توصیفی گونه‌های زبانی ایران. تهران: پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی.
نجفیان، آ. (1394). زبان‌ها و گویش‌های خراسان. تهران: انتشارات کتاب مرجع.
نظامی عروضی، ا. ع. (1306). چهار مقاله. به تصحیح محمد قزوینی. برلین: نشر ایرانشهر.
هجویری، ع. ع. (1400). کشف‌المحجوب. به تصحیح محمود عابدی. تهران: انتشارات سروش.
Anderson, J. R (1982). Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review, 89(4). 369-406. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.89.4.369.
Audi, R. (2001). Rationality and the Good: A Philosophical Perspective. Oxford University Press.
Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(4), 577-660. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99002149
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Berkeley, G. (1710). A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. A. Millar.
Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought? Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time. Cognitive Psychology, 43(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.2001.0748
Burge, T. (2010). Origins of objectivity. MIT Press.
Chalmers, D. J. (2002). The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. Oxford University Press.
Derrida, J. (1976). Of Grammatology (G. C. Spivak, Trans.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
Derrida, J. (1976). Of Grammatology. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Descartes, R. (1641). Meditations on First Philosophy. M. Moray.
Fine, K. (2012). Theories of intention: The philosophy of mind and the science of the brain. Oxford University Press.
Foucault, M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge. Pantheon Books.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972‑1977. Pantheon Books.
Gao, J. (2007). Chinese conceptual metaphors in the domain of knowledge: A cognitive approach. Journal of Pragmatics, 39(7), 1180-1199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.02.008
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books.
Gettier, E. (1963). Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Analysis, 23(6), 121-123.
Gettier, E. (1963). Is justified true belief knowledge? Analysis, 23(6), 121-123.
Hume, D. (1739). A Treatise of Human Nature. John Noon.
James, W. (1907). Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. Longmans, Green, and Co.
Jardine, D. W. (2018). Postmodernism and educational theory. Springer.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Harvard University Press.
Kant, I. (1781). Critique of Pure Reason. J. P. E. Harper.
Kövecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford University Press.
Krennmayr, T., Kaal, A., & Krennmayr, P. (2011). The metaphors of knowledge: A linguistic and cultural perspective. Journal of Cognitive Linguistics, 22(1), 105-136.
Krennmayr, T., Kaal, A., & Krennmayr, T. (2014). Reification in cognitive linguistics: The role of metaphors in understanding abstract concepts. Cognitive Linguistics, 25(3), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0070
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. (1993). How metaphor structures dreams: The theory of conceptual metaphor applied to dream analysis. Dreaming, 3(2), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094373
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
Leibniz, G. W. (1686). Discourse on Metaphysics. A. Hildesheim.
Locke, J. (1960). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Thomas Basset.
Matsumoto, Y. (1996). The cognitive foundations of Japanese grammar: Metaphor and language use. Cognitive Linguistics, 7(1), 51-80.
Peirce, C. S. (1878). How to Make Our Ideas Clear. Popular Science Monthly, 12, 286‑302.
Reber, A. S. (1993). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge: An essay on the cognitive unconscious. Oxford University Press.
Rysiew, P. (2007). "The Value of Knowledge and the Test of Knowledge." The Philosophical Quarterly, 57(227), 60–80.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9213.2006.00410.x
Schmid, H. (2017). Pragmatism, knowledge, and reality. Journal of Pragmatics, 115, 38‑50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.01.004
Sharifian, F. (2017). Advances in cultural linguistics. Springer.
Sserunjogi, M. (1999). Cognitive metaphors in African languages: A study of Swahili. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, 20(2), 125-144
Sweetser, E. (1990). From etymology to pragmatics: Metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure. Cambridge University Press.
Turri, J. (2011). The Gettier problem. Philosophy Compass, 6(1), 1-8.
Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. MIT Press.
Send comment about this article
Enter Name.
Enter a valid email address.
Enter a vaid affiliation.
Enter comments (At leaset 10 words)
CAPTCHA Image
Enter Security Code Correctly.