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*uara- > vər-
-dajanēn »to pain«
It is the Gilaki causative verb from causative stem dajan-, present stem daj- derived from ancient Iranian *daj- »to burn, to fire« > *daja- > daj-.
- dəxrāvəstən »crumble«
It is the Gilaki verb from derivative prefix də-, past stem xrāvəst- derived from *xrau- »to tear, to rip, to break« >*xrāua- > xrāv-.
- fušon »wrinkle«
It is the Gilaki noun from derivative prefix fu- »bottom« and šon < *šāna- < *šan- »to shake, to tremble. «
- havatən »to take off«
It is the Gilaki prefixed verb, from derivative prefix ha-, past stem vat- derived from *uaj- »pull out« > *vaxta- > vat-.
-kərjə »tap, flick«
It is the Gilaki noun derived from ancient Iranian *karčaka- < karč- »to knock«.
-kəšə »chain, thick rope«
It is the Gilaki noun derived from ancient Iranian *kašaka- < *kaš- »to imprison, to jail«.
- mətə »walked«
It is the Gilaki participle based on ancient participle derived from *maig- »to move« > *mixta- > məxt- > mət.
- nəštə »old«
It is the Gilaki participle based on ancient participle derived from *nas- »to disappear, to vanish« > *nasta- > našt-.
- nəvəstə »moved«
It is the Gilaki participle based on past stem of nəvəst- formed on present stem nəv-: *naṷ- »to move« > *naṷa- > nəv-.
-rut »muddy & contaminated water«
It is the relic of ancient Iranian participle *ruta- < *ru- »to besmirch, to befoul«.
-sərtə »covered & hidden«
It is the Gilaki adjective derived from the ancient Iranian *sartaka- < *sar- »to hide, to conceal. «
-tələ »gap«
It is the Gilaki noun derived from the ancient Iranian *tardaka- < *tard- »to break, to split, to cleave. «
-tān »range, depth«
It is the Gilaki noun derived from the ancient Iranian *tāna- < *tan- »to stretch, to expand«.
-tārəstən »to clean«
It is the Gilaki verb from past stem tārəst derived from *tar- »to rub, to clean« > *tāra- > tār-.
-valət »torn«
It is the relic of ancient participle from derivative prefix va- and *rak- »to cut, to tear «
>*rakta- > lət-.
-vindərdə »standing«
It is the Gilaki participle from the ancient Iranian *ṷi-ni-dar- »to stand «> *ṷindarta- > vindərd-
xəfə »cough«
It is the Gilaki noun derived from *xafaka- < *xaf- »to cough.«
zāranēn »to irritate«
This is the causative verb from zāran- deived from *zar- »to hurt, to injure, to irritate «
>*zāra- > zār- » to hurt, to injure, to irritate «
4- Conclusion
Studying the etymology of Gilaki words not only reveals the association of this dialect with other Iranian dialects particularly Tati, and Talishi in three periods of Ancient, Middle, and Modern Iranian, it also reflects the developmental process of phonemes and lexical structures and indicates the lexical and semantic capacity of this dialect, as well as other Iranian languages, and the related dialects. Taking the opportunity to scrutinize Iranian languages and dialects in terms of historical linguistics and etymological researches. This is to find a way not only to preserve and keep these valuable treasures but also to use their lexical and semantic capacity for word-formation and further to enhance the richness of Persian language.]]>
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> Parse, Fill
Additionally, the anchor constraint is always applied to the left side of the names. Regarding this constraint, the left side of the hypocoristic name should always be matched with the left side of the underlying name. Violating this constraint results in ungrammaticality. In addition, the last constraint, having priority over all the other constraints, is as follows:
4. The middle vowel must not be at the nucleus of the first syllable of the hypocoristic names: *mid vowel
The hierarchy of constraints related to the phonological structure of hypocoristic names can be illustrated as follows:
5. Onset, *coda,*mid-vowel, nuc,*complex coda, complex onset >> left-anchoring>>right-anchoring, parse, fill
4. Conclusion
By analyzing and investigating different cases of hypocoristic names in Kurdish from an optimality perspective, the following results were obtained: the hypocoristic names in this language include a highly optimal syllable structure. This optimal structure is made possible by the priority of markedness constraints over the faithfulness ones. The following ranking illustrates the hierarchy of constraints related to the hypocoristic names:
6. Onset, *coda,*mid-vowel, nuc,*complex coda, complex onset >> left-anchoring>>right-anchoring, pars, fill
.]]>
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MP>CNP>MD>CSP can be regarded to be a hypothetical chain of change in the Persian cliticization.]]>
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p. 133−154
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