Syntax
Omolbanin Khazaei; shoja Tafakkori rezayi; Nahid Eslamihonar; Hedi Mardokhi
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 December 2024
Abstract
Explanation of the phrasal compounds in Persian within DM and Harley (2008) & Siddiqi (2009) approach
Abstract
In this research we studied phrasal compounds in Persian within Distributed Morphology and Harley (2008) & Siddiqi (2009) approach to determine the existence of phrasal compounds in ...
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Explanation of the phrasal compounds in Persian within DM and Harley (2008) & Siddiqi (2009) approach
Abstract
In this research we studied phrasal compounds in Persian within Distributed Morphology and Harley (2008) & Siddiqi (2009) approach to determine the existence of phrasal compounds in Persian, and explain their structure within the distributed morphology. The results revealed that there are two kinds of phrasal compounds in Persian, respectively having [S + NP]N or [N/A + NP]N/A phrasal compounds which [N/A + PP]N/A structures. In Persian a phrasal compound can occupy the non-head position of another phrasal compound. This is revealed by data like “بادمجان-دورقابچین” and “دستازجانشسته” which in turn confirm Pafel’s idea (2017). The results also showed that phrasal compounds in Persian are made in zero derivation level of Harley (2008). so that a noun-maker or an adjective-maker functional head is incorporated into a syntactic group by affixation, and based on the specific context and according to Pafel’s input-output rule (2017-2015) they are turned into a noun or an adjective. Finally it was shown that phrasal compounds in Persian have NN or AN structure. Persian data that are extracted by writers intuition and Tabatabaei (1387) confirmed DMs specific belief that morphological operation is done within the syntactic component.
Keywords: phrasal compound, Distributed Morphology, zero derivation level, input-output rule, Persian language.
Linguistics and Khorasan dialects
tavagh ghaldi ghalshahi
Volume 13, Issue 1 , December 2021, , Pages 141-166
Abstract
Persian language has been used in the vast country of Iran from long ago. This language has always attractedkings and courtiers because of its fluency, eloquence and simpleness; and it has always affected other Iranian languages. Kurdish language is one of the Iranian languages which because of its closeness ...
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Persian language has been used in the vast country of Iran from long ago. This language has always attractedkings and courtiers because of its fluency, eloquence and simpleness; and it has always affected other Iranian languages. Kurdish language is one of the Iranian languages which because of its closeness to Persian languageand also because of formalness of Persian language in many the Kurd-settled areas, like other Iranian languages, has received a lot of effects from Persian language. One dialect of Kurdish language which has been used in a Persian-speaking environment and is more likely to be affected compared to otherKurdish dialects is Khurasani Kormanji Kurdish dialect which is branch of northern Kormanji. The main subject in this survey is the study of lexical effects of Persian language on Khurasani Kormanji dialect, and the objective is to identify the quality and level of the effects of Persian language on Khurasani Kormanji dialect of Kurdish language. This survey uses field study and library research methods, and the used tools are questionnaires and interviews. By studying popular and highly-used Khurasani Kormanji words, it was concluded that Persian language has been effective on this dialect, but these effects have been few. Out of 342 studied words that are popular in Khurassani Kormanji dialect, 23 words had been borrowed from Persian. On this basis, the ratio of Persian words in Khurasani Kormanji is 6.72%. In the study of popular expressions and phrases as well, was concluded that some of the popular Persian expressions and phrases have directly entered Khurasani Kormanji dialect; in some cases, their translations have entered this dialect, and in some other cases, their Persian equivalents have entered Khurasani Kormanji dialect. In this way, 40% of the popular expressions and phrases have been borrowed from Persian language, and 60% of them are Kurdish.
Dialectology
Faranak Ramezani
Volume 13, Issue 1 , December 2021, , Pages 275-298
Abstract
The purpose of this study is a contrastive analysis of grammer loss, addition, or change of voice adjectives, noun governing the genitive and noun in the genitive, number, pronouns, infinitives, affixes, verb and sealence usage, the place of stress and the comparison of words. For each mentioned case ...
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The purpose of this study is a contrastive analysis of grammer loss, addition, or change of voice adjectives, noun governing the genitive and noun in the genitive, number, pronouns, infinitives, affixes, verb and sealence usage, the place of stress and the comparison of words. For each mentioned case illustrative examples are offered.( people who live in Abadeh tashk are from lashani tribe which is one of loriوs tribes).In fact,this article intend to compare Lori and Farsi. The dialect of Lori which is the deep structure of the dialect of Abadeh tashk is closely related to modern Farsi. regarding grammatical and Lexical structure. The dialect of the village of Abadeh tashk undergoes clear pheonological change.In many words a consonant is changed to another consonant,that is, it undeagoes alteration,or some consonants are omited that is,elision occurs. In some words, two consonants replace each other that is reversal happers in them. In some other case are in a word insertion happens. It sometimes happens that in a word more than one change occur, In other words, elisionand reversal. Alteration and reversal, alteration and insertion and or all happen to gether.In the dialect under study,in most case elision,alteration. Reversal, increase and elision and reversal happen.
Computational linguistics
Atiyeh Kamyabi Gol; elham akhlaghi; Hanieh Habibi
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2020, , Pages 227-246
Abstract
A corpus consists of natural continuous texts that are presented electronically and from which information about linguistic elements (both lexical and non-lexical) can be extracted; this can be done in the shortest possible time and with the highest degree of accuracy. The authors of this article have ...
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A corpus consists of natural continuous texts that are presented electronically and from which information about linguistic elements (both lexical and non-lexical) can be extracted; this can be done in the shortest possible time and with the highest degree of accuracy. The authors of this article have created Ferdowsi Annotated Academic Language Corpus and the purpose of this article is to introduce the corpus of faculty members of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and use it in analyzing and describing hedges in both fields of humanities and science. Hedges indicate the certainty of the author through words such as "maybe", "possibly" and "definitely". Research in this area has mainly focused on manual analysis of limited number of words. In this study, Salager Meyer’s (1997) classification has been used to identify, and categorize hedges. The data were extracted from Ferdowsi Annotated Academic Language Corpus which contains 1100 Persian language articles. Based on the results, the use of hedges in the field of humanities was about twice as much as in the field of science. Meanwhile, the use of conditionals and expressions of doubt in both fields had a high frequency. The results from this study have a better chance at being generalized to the fields under study due to the greater number of entries. The accuracy of the corpus labeling is 96% and it can be used as an excellent source for analysis and research on scientific texts.
Fahime Khodaverdi
Volume 11, Issue 2 , June 2020, , Pages 85-113
Abstract
Glottal stop occurrence was investigated in 46 simple and compound words with 2-3 repetitions in the speech of 5 male speakers of Persian of Tehran, Kerman, Yazd, Esfahan and Khorasan (Sabzevar) and statistical results based on acoustic observations were obtained. Findings showed that totally in the ...
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Glottal stop occurrence was investigated in 46 simple and compound words with 2-3 repetitions in the speech of 5 male speakers of Persian of Tehran, Kerman, Yazd, Esfahan and Khorasan (Sabzevar) and statistical results based on acoustic observations were obtained. Findings showed that totally in the five varieties, the consonant appears as true closure or creaky voice, mostly word initially after pause, while in other positions compensatory lengthening, resyllabification or vowel hiatus are possible after its deletion. This phonetic variation is parallel with laryngeal phonation states and compatible with Persian phonological constraints whose rankings in the framework of Optimality Theory can account for the possibility of the consonant pronunciation as a phonetic unit of Persian language.
hengameh vaezi; Malahat Roshanzamir
Volume 11, Issue 2 , June 2020, , Pages 202-230
Abstract
Advertising , as one of the most important tools for interaction, has used a special strategy named euphemism. This paper examines the euphemism strategies in Persian language media on the base of Crespo Fernandez's (2005) Framework.The purpose is to know what kind of euphemism discourse strategies have ...
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Advertising , as one of the most important tools for interaction, has used a special strategy named euphemism. This paper examines the euphemism strategies in Persian language media on the base of Crespo Fernandez's (2005) Framework.The purpose is to know what kind of euphemism discourse strategies have been used in media advertisements to change the emotional expression of the words, phrases and sentences from negative to the positive form to the audience attention. Then, it has been intended to identify other euphemism strategies specified in Advertising which have not been determined before. Data were gathered from T.V. , radio, internet and billboards which have been discussed on the base of descriptive-analytical method. the analysis of the analysed data (71 out of 125) shows 12 common strategies have been used in advertisements which are as follows: using lexical substitution, connotations, downtoning adverbs (quantity, quality, request and reducing phrases), impersonalization, fine making techniques, negative structures, interrogative sentences, declarative sentences, hedging model verbs, first person in (interrogative, declarative, imperative) sentences, compounds sentences and fined imperative sentences. Among strategies mentioned the last three ones have not introduced and discussed before. Those are finding of this research in media advertisements. All of the above strategies mentioned can be classified into five classes; substitution, Addition of downtoning elements, changing the structure, connotations and changing the paradigms. The important point is that there is no clear borderline among them; In some data, a combination of different strategies has been used at the same time to make a pattern of euphemism and some kind of overlapping has been observed.
Aliyeh Kord-e Zafaranlu Kambuziya; Farzaneh Tajabadi; Ailin Firouzian Pouresfahani
Volume 11, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 1-38
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Weakening is the process by which a sound is turned into a sound of lesser degree of stricture or duration. Among different forms of weakening, deletion is the most complete form. Deletion is a phonological process that often occurs in continuous speech. In the sense ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Weakening is the process by which a sound is turned into a sound of lesser degree of stricture or duration. Among different forms of weakening, deletion is the most complete form. Deletion is a phonological process that often occurs in continuous speech. In the sense that whenever the combination of phonemes result in creating an ill-form linguistic unit which is not in agreement with the phonological system of the language, a phonetic unit of the speech chain is deleted to resolve this problem. This process changes the structure of the syllable and creates an acceptable syllabic or lexical pattern coincided with the phonotactics rules and restrictions of a language. The current study aimed to shed light on the process of deletion in Standard Persian language in view of the optimality theory. The following questions were addressed in this research: 1. In what phonetic environment does the deletion process arrive in standard Persian language? 2. Among consonants and vowels, which of them is exposed to the deletion process? 3. What is the category and kind of words in which the deletion process appeared? Review of Literature On the phonological process of deletion, valuable studies have been carried out that can be broadly divided into two categories: standard Persian language researches and studies on different dialects of Persian. In the case of different dialects of Persian, the following studies can be mentioned: Kalbasi, (1991), Shokri, (1995), Borughani, (2004), Alamdari (2005), Korde Zafaranlu Kambuzia and Sha'bani (2007), Kambuziya and Nemati (2007), Sharifi, (2008), Khodabakhshi (2008), Jabarooti (2010), Razmdide (2011), Kazemaini (2011), Miri (2011), Fadaei (2011), Soleimani (2012), Kambuziya, Tajabadi, Esmailimatin, and Khordbin, S.(2016) etc. Furthermore, Lazard (1992), Meshkatodini, (1995), Bijankhan (2006), Kord-e Zafaranlu Kambuziya (2007), Sadeghi (2007), Jam (2009) etc. have studied Standard Persian. A review of the research literature indicates that all studies have focused on only one aspect of this process and so far no comprehensive study has been conducted, especially on the Standard Farsi, which clearly demonstrates the need for the present study. Method This descriptive-analytical study describes and explains the phonological process of deletion in the Standard Persian language. For this purpose, in addition to the authors’ intuition and linguistic knowledge, written sources such as books, theses in dialectology and dialect dictionaries have been used to collect the research data. In order to extract the data, in addition to the Standard Farsi, a total of 25 other language varieties were randomly selected. Data extracted from these linguistic varieties were examined only as an evidence to validate the results of this study. Totally, 881 samples from Standard Farsi and 200 samples from different dialects were extracted. Then these data were examined in terms of the type of linguistic unit removed, the context and also the structure and lexical category of the word in which the deletion process occurs. Furthermore, the percentage of units affected by the process was calculated. Finally, these data were analyzed within the framework of standard optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993). Results and Discussion In this section, we examine the different types of deletion in the Standard Persian language in terms of the deleted unite, the position and context in which the deletion take place. A close look at the data shows that the deleted unit can be consonant, vowel, consonant-vowel sequence, or vowel-consonant sequence. Depending on the number of deletions in each datum, it can be categorized into single deleted item group or multiple deleted items group. In items of the second group, two consonants or one consonant with a consonant-vowel sequence or vowel-consonant sequence, are deleted. It is worth noting that the deletion of only one consonant is the most frequent ones; however the deletion of two consonants is more varied than other types of deletion. Among all kind of consonants, stops make a greater contribution to the deletion process and fricatives rank second. In addition, among stop consonants, the share of coronal consonant and among fricatives, the contribution of glottals is greater than others. In multiple deleted items group, deletion of stop-stop consonants accounts for the most. On the other hand, examination of data in which only vowel deletion has occurred (51 cases) indicates that out of the six Persian vowels, only three short vowels (a, e, o) are deleted in a single word. Of the 47 cases of vowel-consonant deletion, 83% of deleted vowels were short ones. In addition, out of the 38 consonant-vowel deletions, only 18% of the deleted vowels were long vowels. Regarding the relationship between deletion and number of word syllables, it can be said that among the one-to-five syllable words, the three syllable words have the highest and the two syllable words have the least tendency toward the deletion process. With regard to the relation of deletion to lexical type and category, it seems that words with the lexical category of noun and derivative structure have the highest share. In terms of the position in which deletion occurs (initial, middle, final position of syllable or word, syllables boundary, the boundary of two morphemes), it can be said that in Standard Persian there is only a middle and ending deletion, and the final deletion is much more than the middle deletion. Analysis of the results demonstrated that consonants underwent the deletion process more than vowels. Meanwhile stop consonants and short vowels (a, e, o) were ranked first in deletion process as compared with others. The findings also indicated that derivations, nouns, and two or three syllable words were more likely to be deleted. Furthermore, last syllable of the words tends to be the best place for applying the deletion process. Conclusion It can be said that when some of the universal principles like Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) and Syllable Contact Law (SCL) are violated, a series of phonological processes, including the deletion process, are used to modify the existing structure. In addition, the presence of heavy syllables or an abundance of light syllables creates a kind of asymmetry in words. This type of sequence is both productively and audibly problematic. In these cases, phonological processes, such as deletion, operate to bring the desired structure as close as possible to the optimal syllable of the language studied.
bahman zandi; parviz nasiri; Ebrahim radniri
Volume 7, Issue 13 , September 2015, , Pages 89-107
Abstract
Abstract
This article intends to study the phenomenon of diglossia in the formal and informal domain and also the study of age, gender, level of education and job on the application of the two languages of Persian and Turkish in Ardabil city. The research is a descriptive-survey from the viewpoint ...
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Abstract
This article intends to study the phenomenon of diglossia in the formal and informal domain and also the study of age, gender, level of education and job on the application of the two languages of Persian and Turkish in Ardabil city. The research is a descriptive-survey from the viewpoint of methodology. 400 research statistical sample people were selected out of the statistical population (Ardabil city population) in form of stage sampling and based on Morgan Table .For data collection, the research questionnaire of Parasher used and for the analysis of findings, the paired samples T test and one way ANOWA were employed. The comparison of the application of Persian and Turkish in Ardabil city showed that the youth as compared with the aged, the women as compared with men, the holders of higher education as compared with those with lower higher education and the educational and administrative domains as compared with other domains have had a greater use of the Persian language accordingly.
1- Introduction
Sociolinguists are interested in studying to see how the members of each society are able to display their own identity through language and how they show a suitable response vis-à-vis delicate differences of lingual applications related to social, economic, political, religious and cultural variables of the society (Spolsky, 2008). Due to the different diversity among the humans in the society, language becomes a function of these diversities with specific social species. These factors include: education, job, profession domain, age, gender, social class, register, style and media (Zandi, 2014:7-8).
Social multilingualism is a prevailing phenomenon and in the world scale, it is considered an ordinary position rather than exceptional one. In fact, in most of the countries in the world, there is more than one indigenous language is prevailing and rarely, we can find a single language country and the number of multilingual countries are much more (Trudgill, 1984).
2- Theoretical Framework
Sociolinguists have evaluated the phenomenon of lingual encounter in different societies. One of the most important subjects under discussion in this research is also the issue of lingual encounter. The phenomenon of lingual encounter leads to the formation of cases such as bilingualism, multilingualism and Diglossia in human societies. In the classic viewpoint taken from Fergusson (1959:233), diglossia phenomenon is a specific type of standard building which the two varieties of a language live together beside each other and throughout the society and each undertakes a certain role. These two varieties are called low and high varieties. One of the most important features of diglossia is the specialization of the low and high role of the standard. High varieties are used in formal textures and low varieties are used in informal textures.
Fesold (1984:40-52) also terms diglossia as jumping from one style to another style. In his view, diglossia is the feature of the societies rather than individuals. Individuals might be bilingual but societies are diglossia. In other words, the term diglossia, describes the social or formalized social bilingualism.
However, Nersesians (1995:73-80) classifies diglossia in contemporary Iran into three groups: The first group is the concurrent presence of literary Persian with verbal Persian. In her view, the second group is the most obvious and old sample of diglossia in Iran. In the article of Ferguson (1972), it has been stated as an example that in fact, there is concurrent presence of standard Persian with a local variety in the lingual set of individuals. Many Iranian still in their daily talks with their family members speak in local dialects whereas the same individuals in their own conversations with other individuals in the alleys and streets, working place etc., use the standard Persian (literary or verbal). Pursuing the expanded view of Fishman (1967:29),Nersesians believes in the presence of the diglossia phenomenon as the third type too and that is the concurrent presence of Persian language with other ethnic languages. In Iran, in addition to the Persian speaking population, there are other ethnic groups who speak their ethnic languages in their local conversations. As a result of increase of communications and conversation of Persian language into the common language of different tribes, these types of individuals are bilingual or multilingual. From the viewpoint of the situation of bilingualism, most of these efforts have passed the incomplete bilingualism and single literacy bilingualism stages and in particular have reached to the full bilingualism of the new generation. However, the bilingualism of these people even more than the condition of concurrent presence of standard Persian with a variety or a local language, has found the diglossia aspect, whereas mother tongue is used in domains such as house, friendly conversations with individuals belonging to their own lingual and tribal groups. Persian language is also employed in domains such as administrative and educational positions. In this article, we will deal with the study of the phenomenon of diglossia from the third type which was introduced in Nersesians theory.
In addition to placing the expanded theory of diglossia of Fishman to regulate a part of research data, his domain analysis has also been used. Fishman (1967) is the first person who presented the term of the domain of languages application and then Fesold(1984:183) expanded this concept and introduced the domains of language application including family, neighborhood, friendship, business, school, working environment, public affairs and religious affairs. In this research, using the Fesold viewpoint, the phenomenon of diglossia will be studied in two domains of informal (family, friendship and neighborhood) and formal domain (administrative, business and education) with the inclusion of the impact factors of age, gender, level of education and job on the application of the two languages of Persian and Turkish in Ardabil city.
3- Research Methodology
The research is applied from the viewpoint of objective and survey as far as method is concerned. 400 research statistical sample has been selected out of the statistical population (Ardabil population) based on Morgan Table.
The most basic instrument used in this research was questionnaire. The questionnaire has been selected based on the questionnaire of research model of Parasher(1980) and of course with some amendments in it. In order to analyze the data and testing the hypotheses, also paired-samples T test and One-way ANOWA test have been employed in the research.
4- Conclusion and Discussion
In summary, the results of hypotheses test showed the followings:
• In Ardabil, in formal positions and in encountering with Persian speaking people, the Persian language and in the informal positions and in encountering with Turkish speaking people, the Turkish language is used accordingly.
• In comparing the age groups, the younger individuals use Persian more than other groups.
• In Ardabil city, children use Persian language more than other groups.
• In comparison of gender groups, girls use Persian language more than boys.
• In a comparison on rate of education, the literate people use Persian language more than illiterate people.
• In the comparison of job groups, people with a greater educational jobs use Persian more than other job groups.
The comparison of the application of Persian language and Turkish language in six social domains, family, friendship, neighborhood, business, educational and administrative affairs in Ardabil city showed the followings:
- There is a significant difference between the application of Persian language and Turkish language in the respondents in each of the social domains.
- In the domain of the family (informal position), the application of Persian language (formal language) is less and vice versa, the application of the Turkish language (mother lounge) was more than other social domains.
- In the educational domain (formal position), the application of Persian language was more and vice versa, the application of Turkish language was less than other social domains. However, the dominant language in all other social domains of Turkish language was observed. The result is in agreement with the research findings of Fishman and Cooper(1971), Parasher (1980), Fereidouni (1998), Sanaei Moghadam(1998) and Imani (2004).
Comparing the averages of the application of two languages of Persian and Turkish by the examinees of Ardabil city in eight academic groups, it is concluded that Turkish is used by illiterate individuals greater and the least application of this language belongs to the level of primary school and associate in art/science degree programs. The greatest application of the Persian language belongs to the individuals with the education at the level of guidance schools. The results obtained in the part 4 and 5 ( impact of educational level on language application) is in agreement with the research findings of David (2003), Fereidouni (1998), Sanaei Moghadam (1999), Bashirnejad (2000) and Mashayekh(2004).
The comparison of the averages obtained from the rate of application of the two languages by the respondents in Ardabil city on two gender group showed that Turkish is used greater by the men. As for the Persian language, also the application of this language has been reported to be greater among women as compared with men. The results obtained (the impact of gender on language application) is in agreement with the results of the research by Bashir Nejad (2000) and Imani (2004).
Key Words: Sociolinguistics, Diglossia, Persian Language, Turkish Language, Ardabil.
References
Bashirnejad, H. (2000), “A Study of the position and application of Persian and Mazandarani amid the students and teachers of intermediate schools”, M.A. Thesis, Tehran, Allameh Tabatabaei University .
David, M., Ibtisam, M., & Kaur, S. (2003). “Languge maintenace or language shift among the Punjabi Sikh Community in Malsysia”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 161, 1-24.
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Ferguson Ch. (1959 /197 /2), “Diglossia, Word 15:325-40.
Fishman, J. (1964). “Language maintenance and language shift as a field of inquiry”, Linguistics.9.32-70.
Fishman J. 1967. “Bilingualism with and without diglossia, Diglossia with and without bilingualism”. Journal of Social Issues23.2: 29–38.
Freidouni, J. (1998), “Diglossia: A research on the domain analysis”, M.A. Thesis, Tehran, Allameh Tabatabaei Unviersity.
Imani, M. (2004), “A study of the position and application of Turkish and Persian languages amid the speakers of Qom city”, M.A. Thesis, Tehran, Allameh Tabatabaei University .
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Lotfipour Saedi (2013), “An introduction to the principles and method of translation’, Tehran, Center for University Publications.
Mashayekh, T, (2003), “A study of the application of Persian and Guilaki”, M.A. Thesis, Tehran, Allameh Tabatabaei University.
Nersisanc, Imilia, (1995), “Diglossia in Iran”, Journal of Linguistics, Vol. two, No. 2, 73-80.
Ranjbar K. (2005), “A study of the situation of bilingualism amid students of high schools in Kermanshah province”, M.A. Thesis, Tehran, Allameh Tabatabaei University .
Sanaee Moghadam, Z. )1999(. “A Domain Analysis of Language Use in Yasuj Speech Community”. M. A Thesis. Shiraz: Shiraz University.
Spolsky, Bernard, (2008) , “Sociolinguists”, A. Rahimi, Z. Bagheri trans.), Tehran, Jangal.
Trudgill, Peter )1984(. “Applied Sociolinguistics. New York: Academic Press.
Trudgill, P. (1997), “Social Linguistics”, M. Tabatabaei, trans.), Tehran, Agah.
Zolfaghari, S. (1997), “Bakhtiari dialect, Survival or Degradation: A lingual-Social study in Masjed Suleiman city”, M.A. Thesis, Tehran, Allameh Tabatabaei University .
Zandi, B.(2004), “Language Learning”,14th Edition, Tehran, The Organization for Researching and Composing University textbooks in the Humanities (SAMT) .
Seyyedeh Maryam Fazaeli; Shahla Sharifi
Volume 5, Issue 8 , April 2013, , Pages 131-144
Abstract
Some Persian proverbs concern a problem and how to encounter it. The present paper seeks to examine such proverbs. Findings indicate that in the analyzed proverbs, force image schemas have three options. In the first option, a problem is depicted as a barrier that cannot be removed. In these proverbs, ...
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Some Persian proverbs concern a problem and how to encounter it. The present paper seeks to examine such proverbs. Findings indicate that in the analyzed proverbs, force image schemas have three options. In the first option, a problem is depicted as a barrier that cannot be removed. In these proverbs, there is no recommendation or solution for solving the problem. In the second option, the problem can be solved by providing a proposed solution. And the third one presents a problem as a barrier that can be left behind. Statistical investigations show that in the examined proverbs, the second and third options had the highest and lowest frequencies respectively. In proverbs of the second type, there are proverbs expressing solving problem through desirable and suitable solutions. This group has the highest frequency. In the studied proverbs, the frequency of force image schemas options present insights to Iranian ethnological psychology; the dominant thought in Iranian behaviour and manner had been resistance against problems, search for a solution for any problem and attempt to select the best way for the problem. Most of the studied proverbs indicate that Iranian folk have strong spirits against problems.
S.A Razmjoo; Leila Balouch
Volume 4, Issue 6 , January 2013
Abstract
The overall objective of this study is to investigate the Iranian students' attitudes toward the use of euphemism in Persian by means of Delphi method regarding biological, socio-cultural and educational variables including: gender, native language, place of birth and academic major. We begin with some ...
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The overall objective of this study is to investigate the Iranian students' attitudes toward the use of euphemism in Persian by means of Delphi method regarding biological, socio-cultural and educational variables including: gender, native language, place of birth and academic major. We begin with some definitions and examples of different types of euphemism. Data elicitation procedure was through Delphi method. Two researcher-made questionnaires, an open questionnaire and a closed one were given to 130, male and female university students. The subjects were native speakers of Farsi, Turkish, Lori and Kurdish, majoring in humanities and fundamental sciences. The findings indicated university students' positive attitudes toward the use of Persian euphemism. Furthermore, in some cases the results of the study showed a significant difference among the students with different genders, dialects, places of birth and majors in the use of euphemism.
Mohammad Reza Pahlavannezhad; Mehdi Meshkatod Dini; Seyed Mohammad Hosseini Masoum
Volume 2, Issue 2 , October 2010
Abstract
The Minimalist Program is the most recent approach in generative linguistics. The program mainly seeks to analyze the hierarchical structure of the sentences in human languages with regard to the mental linguistic knowledge of the speakers. An interesting aspect of the structural analysis in this approach ...
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The Minimalist Program is the most recent approach in generative linguistics. The program mainly seeks to analyze the hierarchical structure of the sentences in human languages with regard to the mental linguistic knowledge of the speakers. An interesting aspect of the structural analysis in this approach is the introduction of functional categories, which help to define the syntactic relationships between lexical categories. Providing a comprehensive description of functional categories, the present study deals with the one of the functional categories i.e. Tense, in the syntax of Persian sentences. In line with the definitions applied in the Minimalist Program, we study verb inflection through agreement and the checking process of uninterpretable features on T and V nodes. Moreover, with regard to the fact that the feature Infl is a strong feature in Persian, the verb is attracted to the head T and placed in a position outside vP, vP deletion and tag questions support this hypothesis
